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dc.contributor.advisorBengen, Dietriech Geoffrey
dc.contributor.advisorNurjaya, I Wayan
dc.contributor.advisorAgus, Syamsul Bahri
dc.contributor.advisorNatih, Nyoman Metta N.
dc.contributor.authorPaembonan, Rustam Effendi
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-14T04:53:14Z
dc.date.available2026-08-14T04:53:14Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.identifier.urihttp://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178675
dc.description.abstractRUSTAM EFFENDI PAEMBONAN. Dinamika Spasial, Karakteristik Morfometrik, dan Profil Metabolit Sekunder Lamun sebagai Respons terhadap Lingkungan Morfotipe Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Maluku Utara. Dibimbing oleh DIETRIECH GEOFFREY BENGEN, I WAYAN NURJAYA, SYAMSUL BAHRI AGUS dan NYOMAN METTA N NATIH. Ekosistem lamun merupakan ekosistem pesisir tropis yang berperan penting sebagai habitat biota, penstabil sedimen, penyerap karbon biru, penyedia area asuhan, serta penopang produktivitas perikanan pulau-pulau kecil. Keberlanjutan ekosistem ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi habitat, terutama parameter hidro-oseanografi, kualitas substrat, ketersediaan nutrien, dan dinamika geomorfologi pulau. Di wilayah kepulauan seperti Maluku Utara, variasi morfotipe pulau (seperti : vulkanik, tektonik, dan dataran) berpotensi membentuk karakter lingkungan yang berbeda dan selanjutnya memengaruhi struktur komunitas, plastisitas morfometrik, serta respons metabolomik lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis karakteristik parameter lingkungan habitat lamun pada morfotipe pulau kecil yang berbeda; (2) menganalisis keragaman spasial lamun berdasarkan variasi parameter lingkungan; (3) menganalisis karakter morfometrik Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, dan Cymodocea rotundata sebagai respons terhadap heterogenitas habitat; (4) menganalisis profil metabolit sekunder lamun yang mencirikan respons adaptif pada masing-masing morfotipe pulau kecil, dan (5) menyusun sintesis konseptual mengenai respons adaptif lamun terhadap lingkungan morfotipe pulau kecil sebagai dasar pengembangan indikator kualitas habitat dan strategi pengelolaan lamun. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga pulau kecil di Maluku Utara yang mewakili morfotipe berbeda, yaitu Pulau Ternate sebagai pulau vulkanik, Pulau Mare sebagai pulau tektonik, dan Pulau Tawabi sebagai pulau dataran. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi fisika-kimia oseanografi, kualitas substrat, fraksi sedimen, distribusi spasial lamun berbasis citra Sentinel-2A dan data lapangan, indeks komunitas lamun, karakter morfometrik above-ground dan below-ground, serta profil metabolit sekunder menggunakan LC-MS/MS. Analisis multivariat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi penciri lingkungan, asosiasi ekologis, dan pola respons lamun antar-morfotipe. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap morfotipe pulau memiliki penciri lingkungan yang berbeda. Pulau Ternate dicirikan oleh fosfat perairan dan substrat, tinggi gelombang, kedalaman distribusi lamun, serta fraksi kerikil. Pulau Mare dicirikan oleh dominasi substrat pasir dan kandungan nitrat substrat yang tinggi. Pulau Tawabi dicirikan oleh suhu, salinitas, TDS, kekeruhan, bahan organik, pH substrat, dan karakter pasang surut yang merepresentasikan lingkungan pulau dataran dangkal. Analisis klaster menunjukkan bahwa Pulau Mare dan Pulau Tawabi memiliki kemiripan lingkungan yang lebih dekat dibandingkan Pulau Ternate. Keragaman spasial lamun memperlihatkan pola yang berbeda antar-pulau. Pulau Ternate berasosiasi kuat dengan jumlah tegakan, persen tutupan, kerapatan padat, dan dominansi. Pulau Mare berasosiasi kuat dengan kerapatan jarang, jumlah jenis, keanekaragaman, dan keseragaman yang lebih tinggi. Pulau Tawabi dicirikan oleh kerapatan sedang dan keseragaman komunitas. Pola ini menunjukkan bahwa morfotipe pulau membentuk mosaik habitat yang memfilter komposisi dan struktur komunitas lamun. Karakter morfometrik Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, dan Cymodocea rotundata menunjukkan plastisitas fenotipik sebagai bentuk penyesuaian terhadap heterogenitas habitat. Variasi panjang dan lebar daun, seludang, internode, rizoma, dan akar mengindikasikan strategi adaptif yang berbeda antara pertumbuhan above-ground dan below-ground. Respons tersebut mencerminkan kemampuan lamun mempertahankan fungsi ekologis pada habitat yang memiliki dinamika hidrodinamika, substrat, dan nutrien berbeda. Profil metabolit sekunder menunjukkan bahwa tiga spesies lamun menghasilkan total 33 senyawa. Enhalus acoroides dan Thalassia hemprichii menunjukkan jumlah senyawa tertinggi di Pulau Mare, sedangkan Cymodocea rotundata relatif lebih stabil antar-lokasi. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa habitat tektonik berpasir dengan kandungan nitrat tinggi dapat berkaitan dengan peningkatan keragaman metabolit sekunder sebagai respons pertahanan kimia dan adaptasi fisiologis. Senyawa seperti Haplophytine, Canthiumine, dan Zingerol perlu diposisikan sebagai chemical signature yang memerlukan verifikasi nomenklatur dan validasi identifikasi lebih lanjut. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi pendekatan biofisik, spasial, morfometrik, dan metabolomik untuk menjelaskan respons adaptif lamun pada morfotipe pulau kecil. Hasil penelitian memberikan dasar ilmiah bagi pengembangan indikator kualitas habitat WP3K dan strategi pengelolaan lamun berbasis karakter morfotipe pulau, terutama dalam penentuan prioritas konservasi, rehabilitasi, dan monitoring ekosistem lamun di wilayah kepulauan tropis.
dc.description.abstractRUSTAM EFFENDI PAEMBONAN. Spatial Dynamics, Morphometric Characteristics, and Secondary Metabolite Profile of Seagrass in Response to the Morphotype Environment of Small Islands in North Maluku. Supervised by DIETRIECH GEOFFREY BENGEN of 1st SUPERVISOR, I WAYAN NURJAYA of 2nd SUPERVISOR, SYAMSUL BAHRI AGUS of 3rd SUPERVISOR, and NYOMAN METTA N NATIH of 4th SUPERVISOR. Seagrass ecosystems are tropical coastal ecosystems that play an important role as habitats for biota, sediment stabilizers, blue carbon sinks, nursery grounds, and supporters of fisheries productivity on small islands. The sustainability of this ecosystem is greatly influenced by habitat conditions, particularly hydro-oceanographic parameters, substrate quality, nutrient availability, and the geomorphological dynamics of the island. In archipelagic regions such as North Maluku, variations in island morphotypes (such as volcanic, tectonic, and lowland) have the potential to create distinct environmental characteristics and subsequently affect community structure, morphometric plasticity, and the metabolomic responses of seagrass. This study aims to: (1) analyze the characteristics of seagrass habitat environmental parameters on different small island morphotypes; (2) analyze the spatial diversity of seagrass based on variation in environmental parameters; (3) analyze the morphometric characteristics of Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Cymodocea rotundata in response to habitat heterogeneity; (4) analyze the secondary metabolite profiles of seagrass that characterize adaptive responses in each small island morphotype; and (5) develop a conceptual synthesis regarding the adaptive responses of seagrass to the environment of small island morphotypes as a basis for developing habitat quality indicators and seagrass management strategies. The research was conducted on three small islands in North Maluku representing different morphotypes: Ternate Island, a volcanic island; Mare Island, a tectonic island; and Tawabi Island, a lowland island. The parameters analyzed included physical-chemical oceanography, substrate quality, sediment fractions, spatial distribution of seagrass based on Sentinel-2A imagery and field data, seagrass community indices, above-ground and below-ground morphometric characteristics, and secondary metabolite profiles using LC-MS/MS. Multivariate analysis was used to identify environmental indicators, ecological associations, and seagrass response patterns among morphotypes. The results of this study indicate that each island morphotype has distinct environmental characteristics. Ternate Island is characterized by water and substrate phosphate, wave height, seagrass distribution depth, and gravel fraction. Mare Island is characterized by sandy substrate dominance and high substrate nitrate content. Tawabi Island is characterized by temperature, salinity, TDS, turbidity, organic matter, substrate pH, and tidal characteristics that represent a shallow reef island environment. Cluster analysis shows that Mare Island and Tawabi Island have a closer environmental similarity compared to Ternate Island. Spatial seagrass diversity exhibited distinct patterns between islands. Ternate Island was strongly associated with stand count, percent cover, dense shoot density, and dominance. Mare Island was closely associated with sparse density, higher species richness, diversity, and evenness. Tawabi Island is characterized by intermediate density and community evenness. This pattern indicates that island morphotypes form a habitat mosaic that filters the seagrass community composition and structure. The morphometric characteristics of Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Cymodocea rotundata demonstrate phenotypic plasticity as an adaptation to habitat heterogeneity. Variations in leaf length and width, sheath, internode, rhizome, and root indicate different adaptive strategies between above-ground and below-ground growth. These responses reflect the ability of seagrasses to maintain ecological function in habitats with different hydrodynamic dynamics, substrates, and nutrient levels. The secondary metabolite profile showed that the three seagrass species produced 33 compounds. Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii exhibited the highest number of compounds on Mare Island, while Cymodocea rotundata was relatively more stable across locations. These findings indicate that sandy tectonic habitats with high nitrate content may be associated with increased secondary metabolite diversity as a chemical defense response and physiological adaptation. Compounds such as Haplophytine, Canthiumine, and Zingerol should be positioned as chemical signatures requiring further nomenclature verification and identification validation. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of biophysical, spatial, morphometric, and metabolomic approaches to elucidate the adaptive responses of seagrasses in small island morphotypes. The findings provide a scientific foundation for the development of WP3K habitat quality indicators and island morphotype-based seagrass management strategies, particularly for determining conservation, rehabilitation, and monitoring priorities for seagrass ecosystems in tropical archipelagic regions.
dc.description.sponsorshipBeasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia (BPI)
dc.language.isoid
dc.publisherIPB Universityid
dc.titleDisertasi a.n Rustam Effendi Paembonan (C5601221006)id
dc.title.alternativeSpatial Dynamics, Morphometric Characteristics, and Secondary Metabolite Profile of Seagrass in Response to the Morphotype Environment of Small Islands in North Maluku
dc.typeDisertasi
dc.subject.keywordadaptasiid
dc.subject.keywordekosistemid
dc.subject.keywordhabitatid
dc.subject.keywordoseanografiid
dc.subtypeDissertations


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