Pengambilan Keputusan dalam Budi Daya Cabai Berdasarkan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) dan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) di Jawa Barat

Abstract

Cabai merupakan komoditas sayuran buah yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi dan menjadi kebutuhan pokok masyarakat Indonesia. Namun, penggunaan pestisida di tingkat petani masih tinggi meskipun program Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) telah resmi diperkenalkan sejak awal tahun 1990. Penggunaan pestisida secara tidak bijak memiliki beberapa risiko antara lain terbunuhnya organisme bukan target dan serangga berguna serta terganggunya kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan. Sektor pertanian turut berkontribusi terhadap akumulasi emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) di Indonesia. Kategori sumber emisi dari sektor pertanian secara umum meliputi budi daya cabai konvensional, sektor peternakan, serta pembakaran biomassa sisa pertanian. Di samping itu, emisi juga dihasilkan dari aplikasi urea dan pupuk kapur pada lahan, serta pelepasan dinitrogen oksida N2O dari tanah, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi perbedaan antara petani PHT-GRK dengan petani konvensional, (2) menganalisis proses pengambilan keputusan, dan (3) mengevaluasi kendala teknis dan kebijakan. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian survei ini diselenggarakan di Jawa Barat dari bulan Juli hingga Desember 2024. Melalui teknik purposive sampling, data primer dihimpun dari hasil wawancara terstruktur kepada 100 responden petani dan 20 petugas di lapangan. Informasi yang telah terkumpul tersebut selanjutnya di observasi menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil kuesioner ditabulasi dengan Microsoft Excel 2021 dan analisis interdependensi variabel menggunakan uji Chi-Square, uji t, uji regresi logistik, uji mann-whitney 1 contoh, dan korelasi pearson dengan taraf nyata (a = 0,05). Analisis demografi menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara usia petani responden yang menerapkan budi daya cabai berbasis PHT-GRK dengan petani konvensional. Mayoritas responden (74%) berada pada usia produktif (20–50 tahun). Tingkat pendidikan formal ditemukan berkorelasi positif dengan adopsi teknologi PHT-GRK, di mana petani berpendidikan tinggi cenderung lebih reseptif dibandingkan mereka dengan pendidikan rendah. Sebaliknya, pengalaman bertani tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan kebiasaan atau adopsi teknologi. Secara umum pengetahuan mengenai emisi GRK masih rendah pada kedua kelompok petani, namun terdapat asosiasi kuat pada aspek agens hayati; petani PHT-GRK memiliki pemahaman yang jauh lebih unggul dibandingkan petani konvensional. Meski demikian, persepsi petani responden terhadap faktor-faktor pendorong internal dan eksternal adopsi teknologi sama-sama berada pada kategori setuju hingga sangat setuju. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa transformasi menuju praktik pertanian rendah emisi memerlukan integrasi antara kesiapan teknologi, peningkatan kapasitas intelektual, dan penguatan ekosistem kebijakan yang mampu mengonversi persepsi positif responden menjadi tindakan implementatif yang berkelanjutan. Karakteristik petugas Pengendali Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (POPT) menunjukkan rata-rata usia 32 tahun dengan dominasi perempuan (65%). Mayoritas petugas menempuh pendidikan jenjang sarjana (S1) dengan masa kerja rata-rata 2 hingga 5 tahun. Hasil analisis korelasi Pearson mengonfirmasi bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang sangat kuat dan signifikan antara tingkat pendidikan dengan keberhasilan diseminasi PHT-GRK serta keikutsertaan dalam diklat. Penguasaan materi mitigasi emisi GRK diidentifikasi sebagai faktor pendorong utama keberhasilan diseminasi teknologi ramah lingkungan. Namun, ditemukan anomali berupa korelasi negatif antara pengetahuan PHT dengan status kepegawaian serta intensitas diseminasi PHT-GRK oleh petugas kepada petani.

Chili is a fruit vegetable commodity that possesses high economic value and constitutes a primary daily need for Indonesian people. However, pesticide use among farmers remained high, despite the official introduction of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program in the early 1990s. The Improper use of pesticides was associated with several risks, including the killing of non-target and beneficial organisms, as well as harm to human health and the environment. The agricultural sector contributes significantly to the accumulation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia. In general, emission source categories from this sector encompass conventional chili cultivation, the livestock subsector, and the burning of agricultural biomass residues. Furthermore, emissions are also generated from the application of urea and agricultural lime on land, as well as direct and indirect dinitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from managed soils. This research aimed to (1) identify similarities and differences between IPM-GHG and conventional farmers, (2) analyze decision-making processes, and (3) evaluate technical and policy constraints. Data collection for this survey research was conducted in West Java from July to December 2024. Utilizing a purposive sampling technique, primary data were gathered through structured interviews with 100 farmer respondents and 20 field officers. The collected information was subsequently analyzed using descriptive methods. The questionnaire results were tabulated using Microsoft Excel 2021 and interdependence of variables was analyzed using the Chi-Square, t-test, logistic regression analysis, One-Sample Mann-Whitney U Test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient at significance level (a = 0.05). Demographic analysis reveals no significant difference in age between respondents implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation-based chili cultivation and those practicing conventional methods. The majority of respondents (74%) are within the productive age range of 20 until 50 years. Formal education levels were found to be positively correlated with the adoption of IPM-GHG technology, indicating that highly educated farmers tend to be more receptive than those with lower educational backgrounds. Conversely, farming experience does not significantly influence changes in agricultural habits or technology adoption. Theoretically, knowledge regarding GHG emissions remains low across both groups; however, a strong association was observed in the aspect of biological agents, where IPM-GHG farmers demonstrated a significantly superior understanding compared to conventional farmers. Nevertheless, respondents' perceptions of internal and external factors regarding technology adoption consistently fall within the "agree" to "strongly agree" categories. This indicates that the transformation toward low-emission agricultural practices requires the integration of technological readiness, intellectual capacity building, and a robust policy ecosystem capable of converting positive perceptions into sustainable implementable actions. The characteristics of Pest Observer (POPT) officers show an average age of 32 years, with a female dominance of 65%. Most officers hold a bachelor’s degree (S1) with an average tenure of 2 to 5 years. The Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrate a robust and statistically significant positive linear relationship between education levels and the success of IPM-GHG dissemination, as well as participation in professional training. Mastery of GHG emission mitigation materials in the agricultural sector was identified as a key driver for the successful dissemination of environmentally friendly technologies. However, an anomaly was found in the form of a negative correlation between IPM knowledge and employment status, as well as the intensity of IPM-GHG dissemination by officers to farmers.