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      PENGARUH CENDAWAN DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTE PADA PERTUMBUHAN BAWANG MERAH DALAM KONDISI CEKAMAN KEKERINGAN

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Seprianti, Celsi Vionada
      Listiyowati, Sri
      Surono
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      Abstract
      Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang merupakan sumber pendapatan dan kesempatan kerja yang memberikan kontribusi cukup tinggi terhadap perkembangan ekonomi suatu wilayah. Meskipun minat petani dalam membudidayakan bawang merah cukup kuat tetapi dalam proses pengusahaannya masih ditemui berbagai kendala, baik kendala yang bersifat teknis maupun ekonomis. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya bawang merah yaitu kekeringan, dikarenakan tanaman bawang merah memiliki perakaran dangkal dan sangat rentan terhadap kehilangan kelembapan dari lapisan atas tanah, sehingga peka terhadap kekurangan air. Penurunan kadar air tanah sampai dengan 60% air tersedia telah menimbulkan efek cekaman kekeringan pada tanaman bawang merah. Jika mengalami cekaman kekeringan, pertumbuhan akar, daun dan umbi menurun yang mengakibatkan kurang optimalnya hasil panen. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai pengaruh aplikasi DSE S51 (Cladophialophora nyingchiensis) dan TM1 (Diaporthe pandanicola) terhadap respon pertumbuhan bawang merah dalam kondisi cekaman kekeringan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan dua faktor: aplikasi DSE dan perlakuan stres kekeringan. Faktor DSE terdiri atas satu kontrol dan dua inokulum DSE, yaitu DSE S51 dan TM1 (D0, D1, dan D2). Faktor stres kekeringan terdiri atas empat tingkat penyiraman: P0 (100% air tersedia, 100% AT), P1 (80% AT), P2 (50% AT), dan P3 (30% AT). Percobaan dilakukan selama 90 hari, setiap perlakuan memiliki 6 ulangan; dengan demikian, total percobaan disiapkan sebanyak 72 polibag. Penelitian ini terdiri atas peremajaan kultur DSE S51 dan TM1 dan pembuatan inokulum cair kultur DSE. Uji in planta DSE pada umbi bawang merah meliputi: uji bawang merah dalam cekaman kekeringan, analisis vegetatif tanaman, analisis relative water content, uji kandungan klorofil daun, analisis prolin dan malondialdehid pada daun, serta persentase kolonisasi akar. Hasil yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini ialah peningkatan toleransi bawang merah terhadap cekaman kekeringan melalui peran simbiosis DSE dalam membantu efisiensi penyerapan air dan nutrisi. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan teknologi pertanian berkelanjutan dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim dan keterbatasan air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan ketersediaan air menyebabkan pertumbuhan vegetatif bawang merah terhambat yang ditandai oleh penurunan tinggi tanaman, panjang akar, biomassa daun, dan biomassa akar. Cekaman kekeringan juga menurunkan relative water content (RWC) dan kandungan klorofil daun, serta meningkatkan kandungan prolin dan malondialdehyde (MDA) sebagai indikator stres fisiologis dan oksidatif pada tanaman. Aplikasi DSE mampu memperbaiki respons tanaman terhadap kondisi cekaman kekeringan. Kultur DSE S51 S51 (Cladophialophora nyingchiensis) menunjukkan kemampuan yang lebih baik dalam mendukung pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman dengan meningkatkan tinggi tanaman sebesar 15%, panjang akar sebesar 55%, biomassa daun sebesar 52%, dan biomassa akar sebesar 71% dibandingkan tanpa aplikasi DSE. Sementara itu, kultur DSE TM1 (Diaporthe pandanicola) menunjukkan efektivitas yang lebih tinggi dalam meningkatkan biomassa akar dan pembentukan umbi pada kondisi ketersediaan air terbatas. Pada aspek fisiologis, inokulasi DSE meningkatkan kandungan klorofil dan menekan akumulasi MDA sehingga mampu mengurangi kerusakan sel akibat stres oksidatif. Selain itu, tanaman yang diinokulasi DSE menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan prolin yang berperan sebagai osmoprotektan dalam menjaga keseimbangan osmotik dan mempertahankan fungsi sel selama kekeringan. Hasil pengamatan kolonisasi akar menunjukkan bahwa kedua kultur DSE mampu mengkolonisasi jaringan akar bawang merah pada seluruh tingkat ketersediaan air, mengindikasikan keberhasilan pembentukan simbiosis antara cendawan dan tanaman inang. Perbaikan pertumbuhan dan respon fisiologis akibat aplikasi DSE berdampak positif terhadap hasil tanaman. Inokulasi DSE meningkatkan jumlah umbi dan bobot umbi pada seluruh tingkat ketersediaan air dibandingkan perlakuan tanpa DSE. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa DSE berperan penting dalam meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan sumber daya dan kemampuan adaptasi tanaman terhadap kondisi kekurangan air.
       
      Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important horticultural commodities, serving as a significant source of income and employment while contributing substantially to regional economic development. Although farmers have a strong interest in cultivating shallots due to their high economic value, shallot production continues to face various constraints, including both technical and economic challenges. One obstacle to shallot cultivation is drought, as shallot plants have shallow roots and are highly susceptible to moisture loss from the topsoil, making them sensitive to water shortages. A decrease in soil water content of up to 60% of available water has caused drought stress effects on shallot plants. Under drought stress, root, stem, leaf, and fruit growth decline, resulting in suboptimal yields. Based on this background, this study was conducted to determine the effects of DSE S51 (Cladophialophora nyingchiensis) and TM1 (Diaporthe pandanicola) applications on shallots growth response of shallots under drought stress conditions. The study was conducted using a factorial completely randomized plan (CRD) with two factors: DSE application and drought stress treatment. The DSE factor consisted of one control and two DSE cultures, namely DSE S51 and TM1 (D0, D1, and D2). The drought stress factor consisted of four watering levels: P0 (100% available water [AW]), P1 (80% AW), P2 (50% AW), and P3 (30% AW). The experiment lasted 90 days, each treatment had 6 replications; thus, a total of 72 experimental pots were prepared. This study consisted of the rejuvenation of DSE S51 and TM1 cultures and the preparation of a liquid inoculum of DSE cultures. In planta DSE testing on shallot bulbs included: drought stress testing, vegetative plant analysis, relative water content analysis, leaf chlorophyll content testing, leaf proline and malondialdehyde analysis, and root colonization percentage. The expected outcome of this study is increased shallot tolerance to drought stress through the symbiotic role of DSE in facilitating efficient water and nutrient uptake. This research is expected to contribute to the development of sustainable agricultural technologies in the face of climate change and water limitations. The results showed that reduced water availability inhibited the vegetative growth of shallots, characterized by decreased plant height, root length, leaf biomass, and root biomass. Drought stress also decreased relative water content (RWC) and leaf chlorophyll content, and increased proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicators of physiological and oxidative stress in plants. DSE application improved plant response to drought stress. DSE culture S51 (Cladophialophora nyingchiensis) demonstrated superior vegetative growth, increasing plant height by 15%, root length by 55%, leaf biomass by 52%, and root biomass by 71% compared to the untreated DSE culture. Meanwhile, DSE culture TM1 (Diaporthe pandanicola) demonstrated greater effectiveness in increasing root biomass and bulb formation under conditions of limited water availability. Physiologically, DSE inoculation increased chlorophyll content and suppressed MDA accumulation, thereby reducing cell damage caused by oxidative stress. In addition, DSE-inoculated plants showed increased proline content, which acts as an osmoprotectant in maintaining osmotic balance and maintaining cell function during drought periods. Root colonization observations showed that both DSE cultures were able to colonize shallot root tissue at all levels of water availability, indicating the successful formation of a symbiosis between the fungus and the host plant. Improved growth and physiological responses due to DSE application had a positive impact on plant yield. DSE inoculation increased the number of bulbs and bulb weight at all levels of water availability compared to the treatment without DSE. These results indicate that DSE plays an important role in increasing the efficiency of resource utilization and plant adaptation to water-deficit conditions.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178619
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