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      Potensi Cendawan Dark Septate Endophyte untuk Revegetasi Area Tailing Tambang Emas dengan Trembesi (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.)

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Arlan, La
      Listiyowati, Sri
      Surono
      Hamim
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      Abstract
      Tailing tambang emas memiliki karakter fisikokimia yang kurang mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman, sehingga menjadi kendala utama dalam revegetasi lahan pascatambang. Trembesi berpotensi digunakan sebagai tanaman revegetasi karena mampu tumbuh pada tailing tambang emas, tetapi kondisi lingkungan yang ekstrem di tailing dapat membatasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bibit. Inokulasi dark septate endophyte (DSE) berpotensi meningkatkan keberhasilan revegetasi tailing tambang emas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, menyeleksi, dan mengidentifikasi DSE yang toleran terhadap logam berat dari akar trembesi yang tumbuh di area tailing tambang emas, serta mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan dan respons fisiologis bibit trembesi pada media tailing tambang emas. Penelitian ini terdiri atas isolasi dan seleksi keamanan hayati isolat DSE dari akar trembesi, seleksi potensi pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman, serta uji toleransi terhadap Pb. Sebanyak tiga isolat terpilih diidentifikasi secara morfologis dan molekuler berdasarkan sekuens ITS rDNA. Isolat terpilih selanjutnya diuji pada dua skala pengujian, yaitu pada kecambah trembesi dalam media padat untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan serapan Pb serta pada tahap pre-nursery menggunakan tanah oksisol sebagai kontrol dan tailing tambang emas untuk mengevaluasi respons pertumbuhan dan fisiologi bibit trembesi. Penelitian ini berhasil mengisolasi 10 isolat DSE dari akar trembesi pada tailing tambang emas dengan kolonisasi alami yang rendah (13,3%). Seluruh isolat bersifat nonpatogen dan nonhemolitik. Sebanyak enam isolat mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan kecambah trembesi dan bersifat toleran terhadap Pb²? 0,1 mg mL?¹. Isolat terpilih berjumlah tiga diidentifikasi sebagai Aureobasidium melanogenum SSEF-RA3, Cladosporium sp. SSEF-RC6a, dan Diaporthe pandanicola SSEF-RD6. Penelitian ini merupakan laporan pertama yang mengungkapkan Aureobasidium sebagai genus DSE. A. melanogenum SSEF-RA3 memiliki toleransi paling tinggi terhadap Pb berdasarkan nilai effective concentration 50% (EC50: 2,98 mg mL?¹), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC: 12,8 mg mL?¹), dan minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC: 12,8 mg mL?¹). A. melanogenum SSEF-RA3 paling efektif meningkatkan pertumbuhan, sedangkan D. pandanicola SSEF-RD6 menghasilkan total serapan Pb tertinggi (347,1%) dibandingkan kontrol tanpa inokulasi di media padat. Tahap pre-nursery pada media tailing menunjukkan bahwa A. melanogenum SSEF-RA3 lebih menonjol dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan akar dan mempertahankan pigmen fotosintesis, sedangkan D. pandanicola SSEF-RD6 lebih konsisten dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif dan menurunkan kadar MDA. Dengan demikian, D. pandanicola SSEF-RD6 merupakan isolat yang paling potensial sebagai bioinokulan pendukung revegetasi area tailing tambang emas.
       
      Gold mine tailings exhibit physicochemical properties that are generally unfavorable for plant growth, posing a major constraint to post-mining land revegetation. Rain tree (Samanea saman) is a promising revegetation species because of its ability to establish in gold mine tailings; however, the harsh conditions of these substrates may restrict seedling growth and development. Inoculation with dark septate endophyte (DSE) may enhance the success of revegetation of gold mine tailings. This study, therefore, aimed to isolate, screen, and identify heavy-metal-tolerant DSEs from the roots of S. saman growing in gold mine tailings and to evaluate their effects on the growth and physiological responses of S. saman seedlings cultivated in tailings. The experimental work comprised the isolation and biosafety screening of DSE isolates from S. saman roots, assessment of their plant growth-promoting potential, and evaluation of their tolerance to Pb. Three selected isolates were subjected to Pb sensitivity assays and subsequently identified using morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of the ITS rDNA region. The selected isolates were subsequently evaluated at two experimental scales: in seedlings grown on solid medium to assess growth and Pb uptake, and at the pre-nursery stage using oxisol soil as the control and gold mine tailings to assess seedling growth and physiological responses. Ten DSE isolates were recovered from S. saman roots collected from gold mine tailings, with a low natural colonization frequency of 13.3%. All isolates were nonpathogenic and nonhemolytic. Six isolates promoted early seedling growth and exhibited high tolerance to 0.1 mg mL?¹ Pb²?. Three selected isolates were identified as Aureobasidium melanogenum SSEF-RA3, Cladosporium sp. SSEF-RC6a, and Diaporthe pandanicola SSEF-RD6. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying Aureobasidium as a DSE genus. A. melanogenum SSEF-RA3 showed the highest Pb tolerance, with an effective concentration causing 50% growth inhibition (EC50: 2.98 mg mL?¹), a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC: 12.8 mg mL?¹), and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC: 12.8 mg mL?¹). Under agar-based conditions, A. melanogenum SSEF-RA3 was the most effective isolate in promoting seedling growth, whereas D. pandanicola SSEF-RD6 produced the highest total Pb uptake, representing a 347.1% increase relative to the uninoculated control. At the pre-nursery stage under tailings conditions, A. melanogenum SSEF RA3 was more effective in promoting root growth and maintaining photosynthetic pigments, whereas D. pandanicola SSEF-RD6 showed a more consistent effect on vegetative growth and MDA reduction. Overall, D. pandanicola SSEF-RD6 emerged as the most promising isolate for development as a bioinoculant to support revegetation of gold mine tailings areas.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178542
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