IPB University Logo

SCIENTIFIC REPOSITORY

IPB University Scientific Repository collects, disseminates, and provides persistent and reliable access to the research and scholarship of faculty, staff, and students at IPB University

AI Repository
 
Building and Categories


      View Item 
      •   IPB Repository
      • Final Assignments
      • Master Final Assignments
      • MF - Mathematics and Natural Science
      • View Item
      •   IPB Repository
      • Final Assignments
      • Master Final Assignments
      • MF - Mathematics and Natural Science
      • View Item
      JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.

      Indeks Topologi Berbasis Derajat pada Graf Total dari Ring Z_(p^k) dan Z_pq

      Thumbnail
      View/Open
      Cover (562.9Kb)
      Fulltext (967.7Kb)
      Lampiran (219.4Kb)
      Date
      2026
      Author
      AULIA, SITA ARMI
      Guritman, Sugi
      Silalahi, Bib Paruhum
      Metadata
      Show full item record
      Abstract
      Graf total merupakan salah satu representasi graf yang dibangun dari struktur ring dengan setiap simpul merepresentasikan elemen-elemen ring, sedangkan hubungan ketetanggaan ditentukan berdasarkan sifat pembagi nol. Kajian mengenai graf total tidak hanya memberikan informasi mengenai struktur graf yang terbentuk, tetapi juga memungkinkan pengembangan berbagai indeks topologi berbasis derajat yang banyak digunakan sebagai deskriptor numerik dalam berbagai bidang, khususnya kimia. Meskipun indeks Zagreb, indeks Randic, dan indeks Sombor telah banyak dikaji pada berbagai graf yang dibangun dari struktur aljabar, penelitian mengenai indeks-indeks tersebut pada graf total dari ring bilangan bulat modulo masih relatif terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini difokuskan pada analisis sifat derajat dan penentuan formula eksplisit indeks Zagreb, indeks Randic, dan indeks Sombor pada graf total yang dibangun dari ring Z_(p^k) dan Z_pq. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan sifat derajat simpul dan memperoleh formula eksplisit indeks Zagreb pertama, indeks Zagreb kedua, indeks Randic, dan indeks Sombor pada graf total dari ring Z_(p^k) dan Z_pq. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deduktif melalui kajian teoritis dengan mempelajari konsep dasar teori bilangan, teori ring, teori graf, graf total, serta indeks topologi berbasis derajat. Selanjutnya ditentukan hubungan ketetanggaan, derajat simpul, dan banyaknya sisi melalui pembuktian matematis, kemudian hasil yang diperoleh digunakan untuk menurunkan formula eksplisit masing-masing indeks topologi. Formula yang diperoleh selanjutnya diverifikasi melalui perhitungan pada beberapa contoh graf total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa graf total pada ring Z_(p^k) terdekomposisi menjadi beberapa komponen dengan derajat simpul hanya memiliki dua kemungkinan nilai, yaitu p^(k-1)-1 dan p^(k-1)-2. Berdasarkan karakterisasi tersebut diperoleh formula eksplisit indeks Zagreb pertama, indeks Zagreb kedua, indeks Randic, dan indeks Sombor baik untuk setiap komponen maupun untuk graf total secara keseluruhan melalui perluasan definisi pada graf terpisah. Sementara itu, untuk ring Z_pq analisis dilakukan melalui isomorfik T(Z_p×Z_q). Derajat simpul yang dihasilkan hanya terdiri atas dua nilai, yaitu p+q-2 dan p+q-3, yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk menurunkan formula eksplisit indeks Zagreb pertama, indeks Zagreb kedua, indeks Randic, dan indeks Sombor. Temuan utama pada penelitian ini adalah diperolehnya karakterisasi hubungan ketetanggaan, derajat simpul, dan banyak sisi pada graf total dari ring Z_(p^k) dan Z_pq serta diperolehnya formula eksplisit indeks Zagreb pertama, indeks Zagreb kedua, indeks Randic, dan indeks Sombor. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya kajian mengenai graf yang dibangun dari struktur aljabar, khususnya graf total, serta menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan indeks topologi lainnya pada graf aljabar.
       
      The total graph is a graph representation constructed from a ring, where each vertex represents an element of the ring, and two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if their sum is a zero divisor. The study of total graphs not only provides insights into the structural properties of graphs derived from rings but also enables the development of degree-based topological indices, which are widely used as numerical descriptors in various fields, particularly chemistry. Although the Zagreb, Randic, and Sombor indices have been extensively investigated for various graphs associated with algebraic structures, studies concerning these indices on total graphs of integer modulo rings remain limited. Therefore, this research focuses on analyzing the degree properties and deriving explicit formulas for the Zagreb, Randic, and Sombor indices of total graphs constructed from the rings Z_(p^k) and Z_pq This study aims to determine the degree properties of vertices and to derive explicit formulas for the first Zagreb index, the second Zagreb index, the Randic index, and the Sombor index of total graphs over the rings Z_(p^k) and Z_pq. The research employs a deductive method through theoretical analysis by studying the fundamental concepts of number theory, ring theory, graph theory, total graphs, and degree-based topological indices. The adjacency relations, vertex degrees, and the number of edges are established through mathematical proofs. These results are then used to derive explicit formulas for each topological index. Finally, the derived formulas are verified through computations on several examples of total graphs. The results show that the total graph over the ring Z_(p^k) is decomposed into several connected components, and its vertex degrees take only two possible values, namely p^(k-1)-1 and p^(k-1)-2. Based on this characterization, explicit formulas for the first Zagreb index, the second Zagreb index, the Randic index, and the Sombor index are obtained for each connected component as well as for the total graph as a whole by extending the definitions to disconnected graphs. Meanwhile, for the ring Z_pq the analysis is carried out using the isomorphic graph T(Z_p×Z_q). The resulting vertex degrees take only two values, namely p+q-2 and p+q-3, which are then used to derive explicit formulas for the first Zagreb index, the second Zagreb index, the Randic index, and the Sombor index. The main contribution of this research is the complete characterization of adjacency relations, vertex degrees, and the number of edges in total graphs over the rings Z_(p^k) and Z_pq together with the derivation of explicit formulas for the first Zagreb index, the second Zagreb index, the Randic index, and the Sombor index. The results of this study are expected to enrich the theory of graphs associated with algebraic structures, particularly total graphs, and to provide a foundation for the development of other topological indices on algebraic graphs.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178501
      Collections
      • MF - Mathematics and Natural Science [4264]

      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
      All rights reserved
      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository
        

       

      Browse

      All of IPB RepositoryCollectionsBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjectsThis CollectionBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjects

      My Account

      Login

      Application

      google store

      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
      All rights reserved
      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository