Strategi Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove Berkelanjutan Berbasis Kepiting Bakau (Scylla spp.) di Teluk Banten

Abstract

Hutan mangrove merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki fungsi ekologis, ekonomi, dan sosial yang penting bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Ekosistem ini berperan sebagai pelindung pantai, penyaring polutan, pengendali intrusi air laut, penyimpan karbon, serta habitat bagi berbagai biota akuatik, termasuk kepiting bakau (Scylla spp.). Kepiting bakau memiliki hubungan erat dengan mangrove karena memanfaatkan ekosistem tersebut sebagai tempat mencari makan, berlindung, tumbuh, dan berkembang. Selain berperan dalam penguraian bahan organik dan siklus nutrien, kepiting bakau juga memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi bagi masyarakat pesisir. Oleh karena itu, keberlanjutan kepiting bakau sangat bergantung pada kondisi habitat mangrove, sedangkan pengelolaan mangrove yang baik perlu mempertimbangkan keberadaan kepiting bakau sebagai bagian dari sistem sosial-ekologi pesisir. Teluk Banten merupakan salah satu kawasan pesisir penting di Provinsi Banten yang memiliki ekosistem mangrove dan menjadi ruang hidup bagi masyarakat pesisir. Wilayah ini mencakup Bojonegara, Kramatwatu, Kasemen, Pontang, dan Tirtayasa. Hutan mangrove di kawasan ini menghadapi tekanan ekologis dan sosial-ekonomi akibat alih fungsi lahan, reklamasi, perluasan tambak, permukiman, paparan sampah, pemanfaatan kayu mangrove, serta tekanan terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya. Tekanan tersebut berdampak pada perubahan kualitas habitat, penurunan fungsi ekologis, dan berkurangnya daya dukung mangrove bagi biota yang berasosiasi dengannya. Informasi mengenai kondisi biofisik mangrove aktual, bioekologi kepiting bakau, status keberlanjutan pengelolaan, aktor kunci, variabel pengungkit, serta strategi prioritas pengelolaan di Teluk Banten belum tersusun secara terpadu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan berbasis kepiting bakau di pesisir Teluk Banten. Metode penelitian disusun secara bertahap sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Kondisi biofisik mangrove dianalisis melalui survei lapangan, analisis vegetasi, pengukuran kualitas lingkungan, serta analisis citra satelit menggunakan Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dan kriteria tingkat kerusakan atau kesehatan mangrove. Bioekologi kepiting bakau dianalisis melalui identifikasi spesies, kelimpahan, keanekaragaman, dominansi, rasio kelamin, hubungan antara lebar karapas dan berat tubuh, serta Principal Component Analysis (PCA) untuk melihat asosiasi antara kepiting bakau dan parameter lingkungan. Peran aktor dan variabel kunci dianalisis menggunakan MICMAC dan MACTOR. Status keberlanjutan pengelolaan dianalisis menggunakan Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)/Rapfish pada dimensi ekologi, ekonomi, sosial, dan kelembagaan, kemudian diperkuat dengan validasi Monte Carlo dan analisis leverage. Strategi dirumuskan melalui IFAS, EFAS, SWOT, dan TOWS, sedangkan prioritas strategi ditentukan menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi biofisik hutan mangrove di Teluk Banten berbeda antarlokasi. Total luas mangrove mencapai 694,75 ha, dengan sebaran terbesar di Pontang (263,10 ha; 37,87%), diikuti Kasemen (152,05 ha; 21,89%), Kramatwatu (115,24 ha; 16,59%), Tirtayasa (109,20 ha; 15,72%), dan Bojonegara (55,16 ha; 7,94%). Vegetasi didominasi Avicennia alba, A. marina, Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, dan Sonneratia caseolaris, dengan kerapatan dan tekanan antropogenik yang bervariasi. COD dan BOD tertinggi terdapat di Kramatwatu (35,85 dan 2,92 mg/L), sedangkan DO terendah di Bojonegara (4,75 mg/L). Secara umum, Pontang, Kasemen, dan Tirtayasa memiliki kondisi ekologis relatif lebih baik, sedangkan Bojonegara dan Kramatwatu memerlukan prioritas pemulihan habitat dan pengendalian tekanan lingkungan. Bioekologi kepiting bakau di Teluk Banten menunjukkan keberadaan Scylla spp. berkaitan erat dengan kondisi habitat mangrove dan kualitas lingkungan perairan. Dua spesies utama yang teridentifikasi adalah Scylla serrata dan Scylla tranquebarica. Jumlah tangkapan kumulatif Scylla serrata sedikit lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Scylla tranquebarica, tetapi distribusi keduanya tidak merata di seluruh lokasi pengamatan. Tirtayasa, Pontang, Kasemen, dan Bojonegara masih mencatat keberadaan kepiting bakau, sedangkan Kramatwatu tidak mencatat tangkapan selama pengamatan. Pola ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan mangrove secara spasial belum cukup untuk menjamin keberadaan kepiting bakau apabila kualitas mikrohabitat, kualitas perairan, substrat, konektivitas hidrologis, dan tekanan pemanfaatan tidak mendukung. Rasio kelamin tangkapan yang didominasi jantan serta perbedaan pola hubungan antara lebar karapas dan berat tubuh antara betina dan jantan menunjukkan bahwa struktur populasi perlu diperhatikan dalam pengelolaan. Hasil PCA menunjukkan bahwa salinitas, turbiditas, TSS, suhu, DO, pH, COD, dan BOD merupakan gradien lingkungan yang membedakan pola asosiasi habitat Scylla serrata dan Scylla tranquebarica. Pengelolaan mangrove berbasis kepiting bakau di Teluk Banten merupakan sistem sosial-ekologi yang mencakup dimensi ekologi, ekonomi, sosial, dan kelembagaan. Variabel kunci meliputi pendidikan dan kesadaran, teknologi, diversifikasi produk, pasar, kesejahteraan, dan manajemen konflik, dengan akademisi, BKSDA, dan DISKANLUT sebagai aktor strategis. Status keberlanjutan tergolong cukup berkelanjutan (indeks multidimensi 55,84), dengan Kasemen tertinggi (71,02), Tirtayasa (62,91), Pontang (60,04), sedangkan Bojonegara (45,76) dan Kramatwatu (39,49) kurang berkelanjutan. Atribut leverage utama ialah konflik, akses pasar, kepatuhan nelayan, serta abrasi atau kerusakan pesisir. Strategi berada pada Kuadran I SWOT (internal 0,73; eksternal 0,43) dan menghasilkan lima strategi TOWS: rehabilitasi mangrove, rantai nilai kepiting bakau, kolaborasi multipihak, monitoring digital, serta edukasi dan pengawasan partisipatif. AHP menetapkan edukasi dan pengawasan sebagai prioritas utama (0,31), diikuti kolaborasi multipihak (0,23), rehabilitasi (0,21), monitoring digital (0,15), dan rantai nilai (0,10). Pengelolaan Teluk Banten perlu mengintegrasikan pemulihan ekosistem, pengaturan pemanfaatan, kelembagaan, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara adaptif dan berkelanjutan.

Mangrove forests are coastal ecosystems that provide important ecological, economic, and social functions for human communities. These ecosystems serve as coastal protection, pollutant filters, regulators of seawater intrusion, carbon stores, and habitats for various aquatic organisms, including mud crabs (Scylla spp.). Mud crabs are closely associated with mangrove ecosystems, which they use as feeding, sheltering, growing, and breeding grounds. In addition to contributing to organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, mud crabs have high economic value for coastal communities. Therefore, the sustainability of mud crab populations is strongly dependent on the condition of mangrove habitats, while effective mangrove management needs to consider mud crabs as an integral component of coastal social-ecological systems. Banten Bay is an important coastal area in Banten Province that contains mangrove ecosystems and provides living space and livelihoods for coastal communities. The study area encompasses Bojonegara, Kramatwatu, Kasemen, Pontang, and Tirtayasa. Mangrove forests in this area face ecological and socioeconomic pressures resulting from land-use conversion, reclamation, expansion of aquaculture ponds, settlement development, waste exposure, mangrove wood utilization, and increasing pressure on resource use. These pressures have affected habitat quality, reduced ecological functions, and diminished the capacity of mangrove ecosystems to support associated biota. However, information on the current bio-physical condition of mangroves, mud crab bioecology, management sustainability status, key actors, leverage variables, and priority management strategies in Banten Bay has not yet been comprehensively integrated. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate a sustainable mangrove forest management strategy based on mud crabs along the Banten Bay coast. The research methods were conducted sequentially according to the research objectives. Mangrove biophysical conditions were assessed through field surveys, vegetation analysis, environmental quality measurements, and satellite imagery analysis using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and criteria for mangrove damage or health status. Mud crab bioecology was analyzed based on species identification, abundance, diversity, dominance, sex ratio, relationships between carapace width and body weight, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to examine associations between mud crabs and environmental parameters. The roles of actors and key variables were analyzed using MICMAC and MACTOR. Management sustainability was assessed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)/Rapfish across ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions, supported by Monte Carlo validation and leverage analysis. Management strategies were formulated using IFAS, EFAS, SWOT, and TOWS, while strategy priorities were determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).

The results showed that the biophysical conditions of mangrove forests in Banten Bay varied among locations. The total mangrove area reached 694.75 ha, with the largest distribution in Pontang (263.10 ha; 37.87%), followed by Kasemen (152.05 ha; 21.89%), Kramatwatu (115.24 ha; 16.59%), Tirtayasa (109.20 ha; 15.72%), and Bojonegara (55.16 ha; 7.94%). The vegetation was dominated by Avicennia alba, A. marina, Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, and Sonneratia caseolaris, with varying vegetation density and anthropogenic pressures. The highest COD and BOD concentrations were recorded in Kramatwatu (35.85 and 2.92 mg/L, respectively), while the lowest DO concentration was recorded in Bojonegara (4.75 mg/L). Overall, Pontang, Kasemen, and Tirtayasa exhibited relatively better ecological conditions, whereas Bojonegara and Kramatwatu require greater priority for habitat restoration and environmental pressure control. The bioecology of mud crabs in Banten Bay indicated that the occurrence of Scylla spp. was closely associated with mangrove habitat conditions and water quality. Two main species were identified, namely Scylla serrata and Scylla tranquebarica. The cumulative catch of Scylla serrata was slightly higher than that of Scylla tranquebarica, although their distributions were uneven across the observation sites. Mud crabs were recorded in Tirtayasa, Pontang, Kasemen, and Bojonegara, whereas no catches were recorded in Kramatwatu during the observation period. This pattern indicates that the spatial presence of mangroves alone is insufficient to ensure mud crab occurrence when microhabitat conditions, water quality, substrate characteristics, hydrological connectivity, and harvesting pressure are not favorable. The predominance of males in the catch and differences in the relationships between carapace width and body weight between females and males indicate that population structure should be considered in management. PCA results showed that salinity, turbidity, TSS, temperature, DO, pH, COD, and BOD represented environmental gradients that differentiated habitat association patterns of Scylla serrata and Scylla tranquebarica. Mangrove management based on mud crabs in Banten Bay is a social-ecological system involving ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. The overall sustainability status was moderately sustainable (55.84), with the highest index in Kasemen (71.02), followed by Tirtayasa (62.91) and Pontang (60.04), while Bojonegara (45.76) and Kramatwatu (39.49) were less sustainable. Key leverage attributes included conflict intensity, market access, fisher compliance, and coastal abrasion. The SWOT analysis indicated an SO strategy (internal 0.73; external 0.43), producing five TOWS strategies: mangrove rehabilitation, sustainable mud crab value chains, multi-stakeholder collaboration, digital monitoring, and education and participatory monitoring. AHP prioritized education and monitoring (0.31), followed by multi-stakeholder collaboration (0.23), mangrove rehabilitation (0.21), digital monitoring (0.15), and the mud crab value chain (0.10). Sustainable management therefore requires integrated ecosystem restoration, resource-use regulation, institutional strengthening, and community welfare improvement.