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      IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES RELATED TO PLANT HEIGHT IN FOXTAIL MILLET (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.)

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Ramadhani, Safira Awaliyah
      Ardie, Sintho Wahyuning
      Suwarno, Willy Bayuardi
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      Abstract
      Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is a climate-resilient cereal crop that is well adapted to a wide range of environmental stresses. It possesses high nutritional value and provides numerous health benefits through its grains. Plant height is one of the key agronomic traits influencing foxtail millet productivity. This trait has been reported to be positively correlated with yield components and grain yield. However, increased plant height is also associated with reduced lodging resistance, as taller plants are generally more susceptible to lodging. Therefore, plant height has become one of the primary targets in foxtail millet breeding programs, with the objective of developing moderately statured varieties that exhibit improved lodging resistance without compromising yield potential. This study consisted of three experiments. The first experiment was conducted from July 2025 to January 2026 at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory 2, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University. The analyses included the association between plant height and SCoT loci, characterization of SCoT loci associated with plant height, and the analysis of the potential linkage between SCoT loci and genes related to plant height. The association analysis revealed that the SCoT23_800 locus was significantly associated with plant height (p = 0.0026; R² = 0.3588). Characterization of the SCoT23_800 locus identified ORF4, which has the potential to be translated into a microprotein with a predicted probability of 71.89% and fulfilled several criteria for translation plausibility. Furthermore, the potential linkage analysis indicated that the SCoT23_800 locus is located within the linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay region on chromosome 2, where homologs of the Peptidase S1 PA clan gene are present in both the upstream and downstream regions. The second experiment was conducted in parallel with the first experiment, from March 2025 to April 2026. This experiment aimed to identify genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with plant height using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach. Data mining was performed using the Scopus and PubMed databases, while article selection followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The identification and screening process resulted in 167 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the SLR. The methodologies employed across the included studies were subsequently visualized using an UpSet diagram. Data extraction from all studies that passed the full-text screening identified six candidate genes that were reported in at least two studies. Among these, OsGA20ox2 was the most extensively investigated gene (n = 36) in rice and is known to have an ortholog, SiGA20ox5, in foxtail millet. The SiGA20ox5 gene was previously characterized by Zhu et al. (2023) using bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and CAPS markers. Their study identified a deletion at the position of 2,266 bp that resulted in the formation of a premature stop codon, leading to a dwarf phenotype in the foxtail millet variety 263A. These findings provided the rationale for selecting SiGA20ox5 as the candidate gene for further characterization in Indonesian local foxtail millet genotypes in the third experiment. The third experiment was conducted from February 2025 to April 2026 at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory 2, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University. This experiment aimed to characterize the SiGA20ox5 gene, which was identified as a candidate gene in the second experiment. The analysis was carried out by identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Indonesian local foxtail millet genotypes using the Yugu1 genome as the reference sequence. The characterization identified two SNPs within the coding sequence (CDS) and ten SNPs within the intron regions. One SNP located at position 626 in the CDS was detected in the ICERI-5, ICERI-6, and ICERI-7 genotypes and resulted in a non-synonymous mutation that changed the amino acid Glu (glutamic acid) to Asp (aspartic acid). In contrast, the SNP at position 749 was a synonymous mutation and therefore did not alter the amino acid sequence. Further analysis indicated that the amino acid substitution at position 626 did not affect the overall protein conformation because it was located outside the functional domain. These structural differences were subsequently visualized using three-dimensional (3D) protein modeling. The results of this study indicate the presence of a candidate ORF with potential to be translated into a microprotein, however, further validation through functional test is still required to determine whether ORF4 is indeed translated and plays a role in regulating plant height. In addition, the characterization of the SiGA20ox5 gene revealed that variation in plant height among Indonesian local foxtail millet genotypes is not caused by the same mutation reported in the foxtail millet variety 263A. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine whether plant height variation in Indonesian local genotypes is influenced by base variation in the CDS of SiGA20ox5 or caused by variations in the regulatory region of the gene.
       
      Hotong (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) merupakan tanaman pangan yang toleran terhadap perubahan iklim dan mampu beradaptasi pada berbagai kondisi cekaman lingkungan. Biji hotong memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi serta berbagai manfaat kesehatan, akan tetapi produktivitas hotong masih relatif rendah jika dibandingkan dengan tanaman pangan lainnya. Tinggi tanaman merupakan salah satu karakter agronomi yang menentukan produktivitas hotong. Tinggi tanaman dilaporkan memiliki korelasi positif dengan komponen hasil dan hasil gabah-biji, namun tanaman yang lebih tinggi cenderung lebih mudah rebah. Oleh karena itu, tinggi tanaman menjadi salah satu target utama dalam program pemuliaan hotong, dengan tujuan menghasilkan varietas dengan tinggi tanaman moderat yang memiliki ketahanan rebah yang lebih baik tanpa mengurangi potensi hasil. Penelitian ini terdiri atas tiga percobaan. Percobaan pertama dilaksanakan pada Juli 2025 hingga Januari 2026 di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler Tanaman 2, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi asosiasi antara tinggi tanaman dan lokus SCoT, karakterisasi lokus SCoT yang berasosiasi dengan tinggi tanaman, serta analisis potensi linkage antara lokus SCoT dan gen yang berhubungan dengan tinggi tanaman. Hasil analisis asosiasi menunjukkan bahwa lokus SCoT23_800 berasosiasi secara signifikan dengan tinggi tanaman (p = 0,0026; R² = 0,3588). Karakterisasi terhadap lokus SCoT23_800 mengidentifikasi ORF4 yang berpotensi diterjemahkan menjadi mikroprotein dengan nilai probabilitas sebesar 71,89% serta memenuhi beberapa kriteria analisis translation plausibility. Analisis potensi linkage lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa lokus SCoT23_800 terletak berdekatan dengan gen homolog Peptidase S1 PA clan pada wilayah linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay di kromosom 2. Percobaan kedua dilaksanakan secara paralel dengan percobaan pertama, yaitu pada periode Maret 2025 hingga April 2026. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gen atau quantitative trait loci (QTL) yang berhubungan dengan tinggi tanaman menggunakan metode systematic literature review (SLR). Penambangan data dilakukan pada basis data Scopus dan PubMed, sedangkan proses seleksi artikel mengikuti pedoman PRISMA 2020. Hasil proses identifikasi dan penyaringan menghasilkan 167 studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan digunakan dalam SLR. Metode yang digunakan dalam setiap studi kemudian divisualisasikan menggunakan diagram UpSet. Ekstraksi data dari seluruh artikel yang lolos tahap full-text screening mengidentifikasi enam kandidat gen yang dilaporkan pada sedikitnya dua studi. OsGA20ox2 merupakan gen yang paling banyak diteliti (n = 36) pada padi dan diketahui memiliki ortolog, yaitu SiGA20ox5, pada hotong. Gen SiGA20ox5 sebelumnya telah dikarakterisasi oleh Zhu et al. (2023) menggunakan metode bulk segregant analysis (BSA) dan penanda CAPS. Penelitian tersebut mengungkap adanya delesi pada posisi 2.266 bp yang menyebabkan terbentuknya premature stop codon, sehingga menghasilkan fenotipe kerdil pada varietas hotong 263A. Temuan tersebut menjadi dasar pemilihan SiGA20ox5 sebagai gen kandidat yang dikaji lebih lanjut pada genotipe hotong lokal Indonesia dalam percobaan ketiga. Percobaan ketiga dilaksanakan dari Februari 2025 hingga April 2026 di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler Tanaman 2, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengarakterisasi gen SiGA20ox5 yang teridentifikasi sebagai gen kandidat pada percobaan kedua. Analisis dilakukan melalui identifikasi single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pada genotipe hotong lokal Indonesia dengan menggunakan genom Yugu1 sebagai sekuens referensi. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan adanya dua SNP pada wilayah coding sequence (CDS) dan sepuluh SNP pada wilayah intron. Salah satu SNP pada wilayah CDS, yaitu pada posisi 626, ditemukan pada genotipe ICERI-5, ICERI-6, dan ICERI-7 serta menyebabkan mutasi non-synonymous yang mengubah asam amino Glu (glutamic acid) menjadi Asp (aspartic acid). Sementara itu, SNP pada posisi 749 merupakan mutasi synonymous sehingga tidak mengubah urutan asam amino. Analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa substitusi asam amino pada posisi 626 tidak memengaruhi konformasi keseluruhan protein karena tidak berada pada wilayah functional domain. Perubahan tersebut kemudian divisualisasikan menggunakan pemodelan struktur protein tiga dimensi (3D). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kandidat ORF yang berpotensi untuk diterjemahkan menjadi mikroprotein, sehingga masih memerlukan validasi lebih lanjut melalui uji fungsional untuk memastikan apakah ORF4 benar-benar ditranslasikan dan berperan dalam mengendalikan tinggi tanaman. Selain itu, hasil karakterisasi gen SiGA20ox5 menunjukkan bahwa variasi tinggi tanaman pada genotipe hotong lokal Indonesia tidak disebabkan oleh mutasi yang sama seperti yang dilaporkan pada varietas hotong 263A. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk memvalidasi apakah variasi tinggi tanaman pada genotipe hotong lokal Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh variasi basa pada CDS SiGA20ox5 atau dikendalikan oleh variasi basa pada wilayah regulator gen tersebut.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178252
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