Arah Kebijakan Permukiman Desa Berkelanjutan di Kawasan Ibu Kota Nusantara

Abstract

Pembangunan Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) sebagai kota hutan cerdas menuntut jaminan keberlanjutan pada kawasan sekitarnya, termasuk desa-desa eksisting dalam Kawasan IKN (KIKN). Tekanan pertumbuhan penduduk, keterbatasan lahan budidaya, serta indikasi kerusakan infrastruktur dan pencemaran ringan pada beberapa desa memunculkan kebutuhan mendesak akan arah kebijakan penataan permukiman desa berkelanjutan di wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pola sebaran kawasan permukiman desa, menganalisis status keberlanjutannya, dan merumuskan arah kebijakan kawasan permukiman desa berkelanjutan di KIKN. Penelitian dilaksanakan di 11 desa dalam wilayah IKN di Kecamatan Sepaku, Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara, dengan pendekatan kuantitatif yang memadukan data primer dan sekunder. Pola sebaran dianalisis dengan Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA); status keberlanjutan dianalisis dengan Multidimensional Scaling (MDS/Rapfish) terhadap 39 atribut pada empat dimensi (ekologi-infrastruktur, ekonomi, sosial budaya, kelembagaan) yang diagregasikan menjadi Indeks Komposit; dan arah kebijakan dirumuskan dengan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil analisis menunjukkan seluruh desa memiliki pola sebaran mengelompok (clustered), dengan nilai NNR 0,137–0,704, yang mencerminkan pengaruh warisan kebijakan transmigrasi dan kedekatan dengan sumber air. Status keberlanjutan tiap dimensi menunjukkan variasi signifikan (model MDS andal, R-squared 0,94–0,95, stress <0,15), dimensi ekologi-infrastruktur umumnya cukup berkelanjutan dengan pengelolaan sampah, ruang terbuka hijau, dan air bersih sebagai atribut pengungkit utama, dimensi ekonomi dan sosial budaya pada sebagian besar desa masih kurang berkelanjutan, dan dimensi kelembagaan beragam dengan partisipasi masyarakat sebagai atribut paling sensitif. Secara komposit, seluruh desa berstatus cukup berkelanjutan (indeks 51,5–69,3). Analisis AHP (rasio konsistensi 0,012) menempatkan dimensi ekologi-infrastruktur sebagai prioritas kebijakan tertinggi (bobot 0,545), diikuti ekonomi (0,232), kelembagaan (0,126), dan sosial budaya (0,097). Temuan tersebut menghasilkan arahan kebijakan berjenjang: prioritas pertama pada perbaikan air bersih, drainase-sanitasi, ruang terbuka hijau, dan pengelolaan sampah; prioritas kedua pada penguatan produk dan pasar desa serta Pendapatan Asli Desa; prioritas ketiga pada partisipasi dan transparansi informasi desa; dan prioritas keempat pada pemberdayaan masyarakat di bidang lingkungan. Rumusan ini dapat menjadi masukan bagi Otorita IKN dan pemerintah daerah dalam penataan permukiman desa berkelanjutan di wilayah IKN Nusantara.

The development of the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) as a smart forest city requires that sustainability also be ensured in the surrounding area, including the existing villages within the IKN Area (KIKN). Population growth pressure, limited cultivable land, and indications of infrastructure damage and mild pollution in several villages raise the need for a clear policy direction for sustainable village settlement planning in the region. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of village settlements, analyze their sustainability status, and formulate a policy direction for sustainable village settlements within the KIKN. The study was conducted in 11 villages within the IKN area in Sepaku Subdistrict, Penajam Paser Utara Regency, using a quantitative approach combining primary and secondary data. The settlement distribution pattern was analyzed using Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA), sustainability status was analyzed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS/Rapfish) on 39 attributes across four dimensions (ecology-infrastructure, economy, socio-culture, and institutions), aggregated into a Composite Index; and the policy direction was formulated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that all villages exhibit a clustered distribution pattern, with Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR) values ranging from 0.137 to 0.704, reflecting the legacy of past transmigration policy and proximity to water sources. Sustainability status varied significantly across dimensions (the MDS models were reliable, with R-squared of 0.94–0.95 and stress below 0.15). the ecology-infrastructure dimension was generally moderately sustainable, with waste management, green open space, and clean water availability identified as the main leverage attributes, the economic and socio-cultural dimensions were mostly less sustainable, and the institutional dimension varied, with community participation as the most sensitive attribute. In composite terms, all villages were classified as moderately sustainable (index scores of 51.5–69.3). The AHP analysis (consistency ratio of 0.012) placed The ecology-infrastructure dimension as the highest policy priority (weight 0.545), followed by economy (0.232), institutions (0.126), and socio-culture (0.097). These findings translate into a tiered policy direction: first priority on improving clean water access, drainage-sanitation, green open space, and waste management; second priority on strengthening village products, markets, and village-generated revenue; third priority on community participation and transparency of village information; and fourth priority on community empowerment in environmental management. This formulation is intended to inform the IKN Authority and local government in planning sustainable village settlements within the Nusantara Capital City region.