Strategi Ekonomi Petani Melalui Pascapanen dan Rantai Pasok Padi di Kawasan Transmigrasi Tobadak

Abstract

Komoditas padi memiliki peran strategis dalam mendukung ketahanan pangan nasional sekaligus menjadi sumber utama pendapatan rumah tangga petani di kawasan transmigrasi. Potensi produksi padi yang tinggi belum sepenuhnya meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani karena pascapanen dan rantai pasok belum berjalan secara optimal, sehingga efisiensi, nilai tambah dan daya saing produk masih rendah. Kondisi tersebut terjadi pada Kelompok Tani Karya Bukti di Desa Polongaan, Kawasan Transmigrasi Tobadak, Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah, yang sebagian besar masih memasarkan hasil panen dalam bentuk gabah. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik kondisi ekonomi petani, biaya dan pendapatan usahatani, kelayakan finansial, living income, living wage, pascapanen, rantai pasok serta merumuskan strategi ekonomi petani melalui pengembangan pascapanen dan rantai pasok padi di Kawasan Transmigrasi Tobadak. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan mixed methods dengan metode sensus terhadap seluruh anggota Kelompok Tani Karya Bukti. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner survei, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif, analisis biaya dan pendapatan usahatani, analisis kelayakan finansial, analisis living income dan living wage, analisis rantai pasok, Business Model Canvas (BMC) dan analisis SWOT.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik kondisi ekonomi petani masih didominasi oleh rumah tangga petani skala kecil dengan usahatani padi sebagai sumber pendapatan utama. Analisis biaya dan pendapatan menunjukkan bahwa usahatani padi layak diusahakan, meskipun pendapatan petani belum sepenuhnya memenuhi kebutuhan hidup layak. Pascapanen belum optimal akibat keterbatasan fasilitas pengeringan, penyimpanan dan penggilingan, sehingga sebagian besar petani menjual gabah kepada pedagang pengumpul dengan nilai tambah yang rendah. Rantai pasok komoditas padi melibatkan petani, pedagang pengumpul, penggilingan padi, BULOG, distributor, pedagang pengecer dan konsumen akhir, namun distribusi nilai ekonomi masih didominasi oleh pelaku di sektor hilir. Analisis SWOT menempatkan pengembangan agribisnis padi pada Kuadran I (agresif), sedangkan Business Model Canvas menghasilkan strategi berupa pengembangan sistem pascapanen, peningkatan kualitas dan nilai tambah produk, pengembangan kemitraan agribisnis, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi serta perluasan akses pasar untuk meningkatkan daya saing dan kesejahteraan petani di Kawasan Transmigrasi Tobadak.

Rice is a strategic commodity that plays a vital role in supporting national food security while serving as the primary source of income for farming households in transmigration areas. Despite its high production potential, rice farming has not fully improved farmers’ welfare because post-harvest management and the supply chain have not been optimally implemented, resulting in low efficiency, limited value addition, and weak product competitiveness. This condition is evident in the Karya Bukti Farmer Group in Polongaan Village, Tobadak Transmigration Area, Central Mamuju Regency, where most farmers still market their harvest in the form of unhusked rice (gabah) without further processing. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of farmers' economic conditions, farm production costs and income, financial feasibility, living income, living wage, post-harvest management, and the rice supply chain, as well as to formulate strategies for improving farmers' economic conditions through the development of post-harvest management and the rice supply chain in the Tobadak Transmigration Area. The study employed a mixed-methods approach using a census method involving all members of the Karya Bukti Farmer Group. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive analysis, farm cost and income analysis, financial feasibility analysis, living income and living wage analysis, supply chain analysis, the Business Model Canvas (BMC) and SWOT analysis.

The results showed that the economic characteristics of farmers were predominantly represented by small-scale farming households that relied on rice farming as their primary source of income. Farm cost and income analysis indicated that rice farming was financially feasible, although farmers’ earnings had not yet fully met a decent standard of living. Post-harvest management remained suboptimal due to limited drying, storage, and milling facilities, leading most farmers to sell unhusked rice to local collectors with relatively low value addition. The rice supply chain involved farmers, collectors, rice mills, BULOG, distributors, retailers, and final consumers; however, the distribution of economic value was still concentrated among downstream actors. SWOT analysis positioned the rice agribusiness development strategy in Quadrant I (aggressive strategy), while the Business Model Canvas identified strategic priorities including the development of post-harvest systems, improvement of product quality and value addition, expansion of agribusiness partnerships, utilization of information technology, and broader market access to enhance the competitiveness and welfare of farmers in the Tobadak Transmigration Area.