Strategi Penguatan Perikanan Handline Tuna Menuju Sertifikasi Ekolabel Perikanan Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) di Kota Sorong Papua Barat Daya

Abstract

Perikanan handline tuna di Kota Sorong, Papua Barat Daya berada di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) 717 dan wilayah regional Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), mempunyai potensi strategis untuk dikembangkan daya saingnya dalam pasar internasional melalui sertifikasi ekolabel Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Kondisi perikanan handline tuna sampai dengan saat ini belum mendapatkan sertifikat ekolabel MSC, dikarenakan sertifikasi belum dianggap penting oleh pelaku usaha, sehingga persyaratannya belum terpenuhi. Persyaratan sertifikasi MSC belum terpenuhi disebabkan oleh berbagai permasalahan, di antaranya pengelolaan yang masih lemah karena minimnya data dan informasi pengelolaan stok, pengelolaan dampak perikanan, dan masih terdapat indikasi aktivitas penangkapan yang kurang ramah lingkungan. Selain itu, rendahnya harga tuna mengakibatkan nelayan masih berorientasi pada besarnya volume produksi dan kurang memperhatikan kualitas, sehingga pemasaran masih didominasi oleh pasar domestik. Penelitian dilakukan untuk merumuskan strategi penguatan pengelolaan perikanan handline tuna di Kota Sorong menuju sertifikasi MSC. Pelaksanaan penelitian lapang pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Desember 2024 di Kota Sorong, Papua Barat Daya, yang sedang melaksanakan program Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) sebagai persiapan menuju sertifikasi MSC. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan sistem melalui Hard System Methodology (HSM) dan Soft System Methodology (SSM) untuk menganalisis tiga prinsip MSC pada perikanan handline tuna, mengidentifikasi kesenjangan berdasarkan prinsip MSC, serta merumuskan model dan implementasinya. Wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview) dilakukan dengan 58 nelayan dan 24 orang pemangku kepentingan yang terlibat dalam proses sertifikasi MSC, serta observasi lapang, pengukuran ikan, studi literatur, dan dokumentasi. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif melalui verifikasi, reduksi, tabulasi, dan interpretasi untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan, akar masalah, model konseptual, serta strategi perbaikan perikanan handline tuna sesuai standar MSC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi eksisting perikanan handline tuna di Kota Sorong belum sepenuhnya memenuhi standar MSC, karena pada aspek stok perikanan berkelanjutan (P1) masih terjadi penurunan CPUE dan pergeseran fishing ground semakin jauh serta belum operasionalnya Harvest Control Rules. Aspek pengurangan dampak perikanan (P2) masih ditemukan tingginya tangkapan juvenil tuna dan tangkapan sampingan pada kapal skala kecil, potensi dampak terhadap habitat dan ekosistem dari penggunaan material penangkapan dan putusnya rumpon yang belum tertangani. Pada aspek efektivitas tata kelola (P3), kerangka hukum dan kelembagaan telah tersedia, namun implementasi perizinan rumpon, pendataan kapal kecil, pengawasan, evaluasi, dan tindak lanjut adaptif masih perlu diperkuat. Pada aspek sosial ekonomi, masih dipengaruhi oleh rendahnya nilai tuna, keterbatasan mutu dan potensi konflik perikanan akibat tekanan finansial. Analisis kesenjangan menunjukkan bahwa perikanan handline tuna di Kota Sorong masih menghadapi indikasi eksploitasi lokal berlebih karena kurangnya pemantauan dan kendali tangkap, belum optimalnya mitigasi dampak terhadap spesies, habitat, dan ekosistem, serta masih adanya celah kepatuhan regulasi, belum optimalnya peran KPBP TCT Papua Barat Daya sebagai forum koordinasi kajian ilmiah, serta tekanan sosial ekonomi yang berpotensi mendorong konflik dan praktik Unreported Fishing. Rumusan model penguatan pengelolaan perikanan handline tuna di Kota Sorong menuju sertifikasi MSC menghasilkan lima model konseptual yaitu; (1) Pemulihan stok lokal sumber daya tuna dengan peningkatan kapasitas teknologi, reposisi effort, dan pengendalian tangkap, (2) Pengurangan dampak perikanan melalui pengelolaan bersama, (3) Penguatan kinerja pengelolaan bersama berbasis sain, (4) peningkatan kepatuhan hukum dan penegakkan hukum pada pengelolaan rumpon dan pendataan nelayan skala kecil, dan (5) Penyelesaian konflik sosial ekonomi nelayan akibat tekanan finansial. Model perbaikan diarahkan melalui reposisi effort dengan peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi penangkapan untuk menjangkau fishing ground yang lebih luas, penguatan pemantauan melalui observer on board dan port sampling, riset terapan dampak rumpon, penguatan kinerja Komite Pengelolaan Bersama Perikanan (KPBP) TCT Papua Barat Daya sebagai forum co-management berbasis sains, legalisasi rumpon dan penguatan pendataan nelayan skala kecil, serta pemberian insentif ekonomi dan sosial untuk meningkatkan mutu tuna dan menekan potensi IUU Fishing. Strategi penguatan dirumuskan pada integrasi pengelolaan berbasis data, yaitu peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi penangkapan, penguatan pengendalian tangkap dan dampak perikanan yang adaptif berdasarkan hasil riset dan pemantauan, pembentukan tim kinerja sertifikasi MSC, pengembangan platform sistem informasi tuna terpadu, legalisasi rumpon dan penguatan Monitoring, Controlling dan Surveillance (MCS), serta penyelesaian konflik melalui peningkatan mutu hasil tangkapan, tata niaga berbasis kualitas, skema berbagi biaya ePIT, dan insentif kepatuhan nelayan. Rumusan strategi berfungsi sebagai respons terhadap kesenjangan implementasi dan sebagai kerangka transformasi tata kelola perikanan handline tuna yang lebih adaptif, partisipatif, akuntabel, dan berkelanjutan dalam mendukung kesiapan menuju sertifikasi ekolabel MSC di Kota Sorong, Papua Barat Daya.

The tuna handline fishery in Sorong City, Southwest Papua, Indonesia, has considerable strategic potential to enhance its competitiveness in international markets through the attainment of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) ecolabel certification. However, the fishery has not yet obtained MSC certification, primarily because certification has not been perceived as a priority by industry stakeholders, resulting in unmet certification requirements. The inability to satisfy MSC requirements is associated with several challenges, including weak fisheries management due to limited stock assessment data and information, inadequate management of fishery impacts, and indications of environmentally unsustainable fishing practices. Furthermore, the relatively low market value of tuna has encouraged fishers to prioritize production volume over product quality, resulting in marketing channels that remain predominantly oriented toward domestic markets.This study aimed to formulate strategies for strengthening the management of the tuna handline fishery in Sorong City toward MSC certification. Field research was conducted from July to December 2024 in Sorong City, Southwest Papua, where a Fishery Improvement Project (FIP) was being implemented as a preparatory step toward MSC certification. The research employed a systems approach through the integration of Hard System Methodology (HSM) and Soft System Methodology (SSM) to analyze the three MSC principles within the tuna handline fishery, identify management gaps against MSC standards, and formulate conceptual models and implementation strategies. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 58 fishers and 24 stakeholders involved in the MSC certification process, complemented by field observations, fish measurements, literature reviews, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted descriptively through verification, reduction, tabulation, and interpretation to identify management gaps, root causes, conceptual models, and improvement strategies aligned with MSC requirements. The results indicate that the current condition of the tuna handline fishery in Sorong City does not yet fully comply with MSC standards. Under Principle 1 (Sustainable Fish Stocks), challenges include declining catch per unit effort (CPUE), a progressive shift of fishing grounds to more distant locations, and the absence of operational Harvest Control Rules (HCRs). Under Principle 2 (Minimizing Environmental Impacts), high levels of juvenile catches and bycatch were still observed in vessels below 5 GT, while potential impacts on habitats and ecosystems arising from fishing materials and lost fish aggregating devices (FADs) remain insufficiently mitigated. Under Principle 3 (Effective Fisheries Management), although legal and institutional frameworks are in place, the implementation of FAD licensing, small-scale vessel registration, monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management measures requires further strengthening. From a socio-economic perspective, the fishery continues to be affected by low tuna prices, quality limitations, and the potential for fisheries-related conflicts driven by financial pressures. Gap analysis revealed indications of localized overexploitation due to inadequate monitoring and catch control mechanisms, suboptimal mitigation measures for impacts on target species, habitats, and ecosystems, regulatory compliance gaps, the underutilized role of the Southwest Papua Tuna Consortium Management Forum (KPBP TCT Papua Barat Daya) as a scientific coordination platform, and socio-economic pressures that may contribute to conflicts and Unreported Fishing practices. The formulation of a management strengthening model for the tuna handline fishery toward MSC certification produced five conceptual models: (1) recovery of tuna stocks through capacity building and technological enhancement; (2) reduction of fishery impacts through co-management approaches; (3) strengthening science-based co-management performance; (4) improving legal compliance in FAD management and small-scale fisher registration; and (5) addressing socio-economic conflicts among fishers. These improvement models emphasize enhanced fishing capacity and technology to access broader fishing grounds, strengthened monitoring through onboard observers and port sampling programs, reinforcement of the KPBP TCT Southwest Papua as a science-based co-management forum, legalization of FADs and improved small-scale fisheries data collection, and the provision of economic and social incentives to improve tuna quality and reduce the risk of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. The proposed strengthening strategy focuses on the integration of data-driven fisheries management through enhanced fishing capacity and technology, adaptive monitoring and evaluation based on research and surveillance outcomes, establishment of an MSC certification performance team, development of an integrated tuna information system platform, legalization of FADs and strengthening of Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance (MCS) systems, and conflict resolution through improved catch quality, quality-grade-based marketing systems, shared-cost schemes for electronic PIT implementation, and fisher compliance incentives. These strategic recommendations are intended to address implementation gaps while serving as a framework for transforming tuna handline fishery governance into a more adaptive, participatory, accountable, and sustainable system capable of supporting readiness for MSC ecolabel certification in Sorong City, Southwest Papua.