Profil Metabolit Buah Kapulaga Berdasarkan Pelarut Pengekstraksi Berbeda Serta Korelasinya dengan Aktivitas Inhibisi a-Glukosidase dan Antioksidan

Abstract

Kapulaga (Amomum compactum) dikenal memiliki berbagai aktivitas farmakologis, seperti antidiabetes dan antioksidan. Namun, penelitian mengenai pengaruh pelarut ekstraksi terhadap profil metabolit non-volatil serta hubungannya dengan aktivitas antioksidan dan inhibisi a-glukosidase masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi profil metabolit non-volatil ekstrak buah kapulaga menggunakan n-heksana, etil asetat, aseton, dan etanol, serta mengevaluasi aktivitas inhibisi a-glukosidase dan antioksidannya menggunakan pendekatan metabolomik tak-tertarget berbasis LC-HRMS serta pennetuan antioksidan 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) dan inhibisi a-glukosidase. Sebanyak 33 metabolit berhasil diidentifikasi, dengan ekstrak etanol, aseton, etil asetat, dan n-heksana masing-masing mengandung 28, 26, 22, dan 18 metabolit. Analisis multivariat dilakukan menggunakan principal component analysis (PCA) berdasarkan intensitas puncak kromatogram setelah pra-pemrosesan menggunakan correlation optimized warping (COW), serta hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) berdasarkan luas puncak metabolit. Ekstrak etanol menunjukkan aktivitas inhibisi a-glukosidase dan antioksidan tertinggi, dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 3,89 dan 1,12 mg/mL. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa polaritas pelarut berpengaruh signifikan terhadap komposisi metabolit dan aktivitas biologis ekstrak buah kapulaga.

Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is known for its various pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. However, studies investigating the influence of extraction solvents on the non-volatile metabolite profile and its relationship with antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities remain limited. This study aimed to identify the non-volatile metabolite profiles of cardamom fruit extracts obtained using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol, and to evaluate their antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities using an LC-HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics approach, combined with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant assay and an a-glucosidase inhibition assay. A total of 33 metabolites were identified, with the ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts containing 28, 26, 22, and 18 metabolites, respectively. Multivariate analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) based on chromatographic peak intensities after correlation optimized warping (COW) preprocessing and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on metabolite peak areas. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest a-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities, with IC50 values of 3.89 and 1.12 mg/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrate that solvent polarity significantly influences the metabolite composition and biological activities of cardamom fruit extracts.