IPB University Logo

SCIENTIFIC REPOSITORY

IPB University Scientific Repository collects, disseminates, and provides persistent and reliable access to the research and scholarship of faculty, staff, and students at IPB University

AI Repository
 
Building and Categories


      View Item 
      •   IPB Repository
      • Final Assignments
      • Doctoral Final Assignments
      • DF - Medicine and Nutrition
      • View Item
      •   IPB Repository
      • Final Assignments
      • Doctoral Final Assignments
      • DF - Medicine and Nutrition
      • View Item
      JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.

      Model Skrining Risiko Berat dan Panjang Lahir serta Grafik Pertumbuhan Janin Lokal Kota Bogor

      Thumbnail
      View/Open
      Cover (657.1Kb)
      Fulltext (4.600Mb)
      Lampiran (1.027Mb)
      Date
      2026
      Author
      Siregar, Mukhlidah Hanun
      Hardinsyah
      Roosita, Katrin
      Santoso, Budi Iman
      Metadata
      Show full item record
      Abstract
      Berat dan panjang lahir merupakan indikator penting yang mencerminkan kualitas pertumbuhan janin selama kehamilan serta menjadi penentu awal status kesehatan anak di masa mendatang. Bayi dengan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR) dan Panjang Badan Lahir Rendah (PBLR) memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap kematian neonatal, stunting, gangguan perkembangan, serta penyakit kronis di masa dewasa. Terjadi peningkatan prevalensi BBLR dan PBLR pada tahun 2021-2022 di Kota Bogor, seiring dengan peningkatan prevalensi stunting di tahun yang sama. Di sisi lain, pemantauan pertumbuhan janin di Puskesmas masih terbatas pada pengukuran tinggi fundus uteri yang memiliki keterbatasan akurasi, sementara pemanfaatan ultrasonografi (USG) yang tersedia di Puskesmas belum didukung oleh grafik pertumbuhan janin berbasis populasi lokal. Kondisi ini menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan mendesak untuk mengidentifikasi faktor risiko BBLR dan PBLR secara komprehensif serta mengembangkan grafik pemantauan pertumbuhan janin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi laju pertumbuhan janin (LPJ), berat lahir, dan panjang lahir, serta mengembangkan model skrining BBLR, PBLR, dan grafik lokal pertumbuhan janin berbasis biometri USG di Kota Bogor. Penelitian menggunakan desain kohort prospektif di 10 Puskesmas Kota Bogor dari bulan Juli 2024 sampai Mei 2025. Responden penelitian yaitu 113 ibu hamil sejak usia kehamilan awal (=12 minggu) yang melakukan pemeriksaan Antenatal Care (ANC) di Puskesmas sampai melahirkan dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Data dikumpulkan melalui 3 tahap yaitu tahap baseline yaitu mengumpulkan faktor ibu dan ayah pada trimester pertama, follow-up data ibu, ayah dan janin pada trimester kedua dan ketiga, dan follow-up data ibu dan janin pasca persalinan. Data diolah dan dianalisis menggunakan uji regresi linier berganda, regresi logistik berganda, dan regresi curve estimation. Penelitian ini telah memperoleh izin etik dari Komite Etik Penelitian Kesehatan pada Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan di Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. Rata-rata berat badan lahir bayi adalah 3008,3±422,7 g dan terdapat 7,1% bayi termasuk BBLR. Sementara rata-rata panjang badan lahir adalah 48,2±2,0 cm, dengan proporsi PBLR sebesar 34,5%. Laju pertumbuhan janin dipengaruhi oleh kombinasi faktor ibu dan ayah dari awal kehamilan. Faktor ibu yaitu usia ibu menikah, berat badan prahamil, status anemia pada trimester pertama, usia kehamilan pada ANC pertama, dan perilaku merokok aktif ibu pada trimester pertama. Faktor ayah yaitu pendidikan dan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Namun, kombinasi faktor ini hanya mampu menjelaskan sebagian kecil variasi LPJ (5,4-17%). Prediktor utama BBLR meliputi IMT prahamil, berat badan ibu saat kunjungan ANC pertama, tinggi badan ayah, panjang femur (PF) awal trimester tiga, dan diameter biparietal (DBP) akhir trimester tiga, dengan model yang mampu menjelaskan 67,5% variasi kejadian BBLR dan memiliki kemampuan diskriminasi sangat baik hingga sangat tinggi (AUC 0,864-0,914); sensitivitas model meningkat dari 62,5% pada trimester pertama menjadi 75% pada trimester tiga, sedangkan spesifisitas meningkat dari 85,7% menjadi 90,5%, menunjukkan bahwa skrining sejak awal kehamilan sudah efektif dan semakin akurat pada trimester akhir, sehingga model ini layak digunakan sebagai alat skrining risiko BBLR berbasis kombinasi faktor ibu, ayah, dan janin. Model prediksi PBLR menunjukkan bahwa faktor utama adalah IMT prahamil, berat badan ibu saat ANC pertama, perilaku merokok aktif ayah pada trimester ketiga, dan lingkar kepala (LK) pada awal trimester ketiga, dengan kemampuan model menjelaskan 59,2% variasi kejadian PBLR serta memiliki performa diskriminasi cukup baik (AUC 0,634 pada trimester pertama dan 0,731 pada trimester tiga awal). Nilai sensitivitas meningkat dari 71,8% menjadi 76,9%, sedangkan spesifisitas relatif rendah (44,6%-50,0%). Kedua model ini cukup efektif untuk skrining dini berbasis lembar checklist di Puskesmas meskipun masih perlu validasi eksternal dengan sampel besar. Grafik lokal taksiran berat janin (TBJ) dikembangkan dengan Model II berbasis biometri janin DBP, LK, lingkar perut (LP), dan PF dengan kemampuan prediksi yang sangat baik (r=0,989, adjusted R²=0,977), dan tingkat kesalahan prediksi yang kecil. Sedangkan model prediksi usia kehamilan dan TBJ yang terbaik yaitu model quadratic dengan kemampuan prediksi yang sangat baik (r=0,951; adjusted R²=0,904) dan tingkat kesalahan prediksi yang relatif kecil. Analisis capability chart menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pengamatan TBJ berada pada rentang persentil 10-90th, sedangkan proporsi TBJ <10th lebih banyak ditemukan pada kelompok BBLR dan PBLR dibandingkan kelompok dengan berat dan panjang badan lahir normal. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa model TBJ dan grafik pertumbuhan yang dikembangkan mampu mengidentifikasi gangguan pertumbuhan janin sejak usia kehamilan 28 minggu. Model quadratic juga menunjukkan performa yang sangat baik pada semua parameter biometri janin dengan koefisien korelasi yang kuat (rentang r=0,93-0,95) dan nilai R² berkisar 0,86-0,90, serta tingkat kesalahan prediksi yang relatif kecil. Analisis capability chart menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pengamatan biometri janin berada pada rentang persentil 10-90th, sedangkan proporsi ukuran biometri <10th lebih sering ditemukan pada kelompok BBLR maupun PBLR. Pola ini menunjukkan bahwa parameter biometri janin juga mampu menggambarkan variasi pertumbuhan janin secara longitudinal dan berpotensi digunakan sebagai alat skrining untuk mendeteksi gangguan pertumbuhan intrauterin sejak usia kehamilan 28 minggu sampai melahirkan. Temuan ini memperkuat bukti bahwa status gizi ibu prahamil (IMT prahamil dan berat badan awal kehamilan) dan faktor ayah (tinggi badan dan perilaku merokok) merupakan prediktor terkuat kejadian BBLR dan PBLR. Kondisi ini mencerminkan cadangan energi dan zat gizi ibu yang tidak memadai sebelum, awal kehamilan serta faktor ayah berdampak pada suplai kebutuhan pertumbuhan janin yang berdampak pada berat dan panjang lahir.
       
      Birth weight and length are important indicators that reflect the quality of fetal growth during pregnancy and serve as early determinants of a child's future health status. Infants with low birth weight (LBW) and short birth length (SBL) have a high risk of neonatal mortality, stunting, developmental disorders, and chronic diseases in adulthood. There was an increase in the prevalence of LBW and SBL between 2021 and 2022 in Bogor City, alongside a rise in stunting prevalence during the same period. However, fetal growth monitoring in Primary Healthcare Centers (Puskesmas) remains limited to fundal height measurements, which lack accuracy, while the utilization of available ultrasonography (USG) at these centers is not yet supported by local population-based fetal growth charts. This situation highlights an urgent need to comprehensively identify the risk factors for LBW and SBL and to develop fetal growth monitoring charts. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting fetal growth velocity (FGV), LBW, and SBL; to develop screening checklists and USG biometry-based fetal growth charts according to the population characteristics of Bogor City. The study conducted by prospective cohort design across 10 Puskesmas in Bogor City from July 2024 to May 2025. The respondents were pregnant women from early pregnancy (=12 weeks) who underwent antenatal care (ANC) examinations at the centers until delivery, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected in three stages: a baseline stage collecting maternal and paternal factors in the first trimester; a follow-up of maternal, paternal, and fetal data in the second and third trimesters; and a postpartum follow-up of maternal and infant data. The obtained data were processed and analyzed using multiple linear regression, multiple logistic regression and curve estimation regression. This research obtained ethical clearance from the Health Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. The average infant birth weight of 3008.3±422.7 g, with 7.1% of infants classified as LBW. Meanwhile, the average birth length was 48.2±2.0 cm, with the proportion of SBL at 34.5%. Fetal growth velocity was influenced by a combination of maternal and paternal factors from early pregnancy. Maternal factors included maternal age at marriage, pre-pregnancy weight, anemia status in the first trimester, gestational age at the first ANC visit, and active maternal smoking in the first trimester. Paternal factors included the father's education and Body Mass Index (BMI). However, this combination of factors was only able to explain a small portion of the variation in fetal growth rate (5.4-17%). The main predictors of LBW included pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal weight at the first ANC visit, paternal height, Femur Length (FL) at early of the third trimester, and Biparietal Diameter (BPD) at the end of the third trimester. This model explained 67.5% of the variation in LBW incidence and demonstrated excellent to highly excellent discriminative ability (AUC 0.864-0.914); the model's sensitivity increased from 62.5% in the first trimester to 75% in the third trimester, while specificity increased from 85.7% to 90.5%. This indicates that screening from early pregnancy is highly effective and becomes progressively more accurate in the final trimester, making this model suitable as an early screening tool for LBW risk based on a combination of maternal, paternal, and fetal factors. The SBL prediction model showed that the primary influencing factors were pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal weight at the first ANC visit, active paternal smoking behavior in the third trimester, and fetal Head Circumference (HC) at the beginning of the third trimester. This model explained 59.2% of the variation in SBL incidence and demonstrated acceptable discriminative performance (AUC 0.634 in the first trimester and 0.731 in the early third trimester). The sensitivity value increased from 71.8% to 76.9%, while the specificity was relatively low (44.6%-50.0%). Both models are sufficiently effective for early screening using checklist sheets at Puskesmas, although external validation with larger sample sizes is required. The local fetal growth chart was developed using an estimated fetal weight (EFW) model derived from fetal biometric parameters, including biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). The model demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy (r = 0.989; adjusted R² = 0.977) and a low level of prediction error. Meanwhile, the best prediction model for gestational age and EFW was the quadratic model, showing excellent predictive ability (r=0.951; adjusted R² 0.904) and small prediction error rate. Capability chart analysis demonstrated that most EFW observations within the 10th-90th percentile range, whereas the proportion of EFW <10th percentile was more frequently found in the group of infants with LBW and SBL compared to the group with normal. These findings indicate that the developed EFW model and growth charts are highly capable of identifying fetal growth disorders from 28 weeks of gestation. The quadratic model also exhibited excellent performance across all fetal biometry parameters, yielding strong correlation coefficients (r around 0.93-0.95), R² values ranging from 0.86-0.90, and a relatively small prediction error rate. Capability chart analysis showed that most fetal biometric observations were within the 10th-90th percentile range, while the proportion of biometric measurements <10th percentile was more frequently found in both the LBW and SBL groups. This pattern suggests that fetal biometry parameters can also illustrate longitudinal fetal growth variations and have the potential to be used as screening tools to detect intrauterine growth restriction from 28 weeks of gestation until delivery. These findings strengthen the evidence that poor maternal nutritional status before pregnancy (pre-pregnancy BMI and early pregnancy body weight =50 kg) and paternal factors (height =165 cm and smoking behavior) are the strongest nutritional predictors of LBW and SBL. These conditions reflect inadequate energy and nutrient reserves before and early pregnancy, which subsequently affect the nutritional supply required for optimal fetal growth, ultimately influencing birth weight and birth length.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/177729
      Collections
      • DF - Medicine and Nutrition [4]

      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
      All rights reserved
      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository
        

       

      Browse

      All of IPB RepositoryCollectionsBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjectsThis CollectionBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjects

      My Account

      Login

      Application

      google store

      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
      All rights reserved
      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository