Evaluasi Tata Kelola Pelestarian Lanskap Sejarah di Kota Pusaka Bogor

Abstract

Kota Bogor telah memiliki identitas Kota Pusaka sejak tahun 2012 dan telah melakukan berbagai upaya dalam pelestarian dan pengelolaan pusaka. Kota Bogor memiliki jejak-jejak peradaban sejarah yang telah menjadi aset pusaka kota dalam membentuk identitas Bogor di masa kini. Sesuai dengan amanat peraturan mengenai Kota Pusaka, Kota Pusaka Bogor perlu menerapkan aspek keberlanjutan agar identitas lanskap sejarah Kota Bogor tetap lestari dan program Kota Pusaka tetap dijalankan. Seluruh kegiatan program Kota Pusaka yang telah dilakukan Kota Bogor perlu mendapatkan evaluasi sehingga identitas Kota Bogor sebagai Kota Pusaka dapat berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kondisi lanskap pada setiap Kawasan Pusaka, menganalisis tata kelola dan kelembagaan Kota Pusaka Bogor, menganalisis persepsi dan partisipasi masyarakat, serta menyusun rekomendasi strategi tata kelola pelestarian lanskap sejarah yang berkelanjutan dan partisipatif. Kondisi lanskap dianalisis berdasarkan aspek lanskap, pemanfaatan, serta integritas dan autentisitas. Tata kelola dianalisis melalui kebijakan, dokumen perencanaan, struktur kelembagaan, pembagian peran, dan koordinasi antarinstansi. Persepsi dan partisipasi masyarakat dianalisis secara deskriptif setelah melalui uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Analisis Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) berdasarkan penilaian lima pakar terhadap lima faktor keberlanjutan, 16 objektif tindakan pelestarian, dan delapan alternatif Kawasan Pusaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa delapan Kawasan Pusaka memiliki karakter lanskap sejarah yang berbeda dengan sebaran 34 Cagar Budaya dan 453 Objek Diduga Cagar Budaya. Akan tetapi, kondisi lanskap Kawasan Pusaka di Kota Bogor menghadapi tekanan perubahan penggunaan lahan, penurunan kualitas fisik, dan belum meratanya penguatan fungsi pelestarian. Tata kelola pelestarian telah didukung peraturan dan dokumen perencanaan daerah, tetapi belum dilengkapi pedoman operasional Kota Pusaka, sinkronisasi kebijakan yang konsisten, serta mekanisme koordinasi dan evaluasi yang efektif. Masyarakat memiliki kepedulian dan keinginan berpartisipasi yang tinggi, tetapi keterlibatannya masih terhambat oleh keterbatasan akses informasi, fasilitas pendukung, dan wadah partisipasi yang terstruktur. Berdasarkan hasil analisis AHP, rekomendasi strategi tata kelola pelestarian lanskap sejarah di Kota Pusaka Bogor diprioritaskan pada faktor kebijakan, sosial, ekologi, kelembagaan, dan ekonomi. Kelima prioritas tersebut diwujudkan dalam strategi: (1) penguatan konsistensi kebijakan dan pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang Kawasan Pusaka; (2) peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat melalui edukasi dan fasilitasi pelestarian; (3) penataan elemen lanskap sejarah berbasis karakter Kawasan Pusaka; (4) pemberdayaan komunitas berbasis kelembagaan kolaboratif; serta (5) pengembangan wisata sejarah dan interpretasi kawasan. Kelima strategi ini saling berkaitan dan direkomendasikan sebagai satu kesatuan tata kelola yang terintegrasi dalam Guideline Kota Pusaka Bogor.

Bogor has held Heritage City status since 2012 and undertaken various heritage preservation and management efforts. Historical traces have become urban heritage assets shaping its present-day identity. In accordance with regulations concerning Heritage Cities, Bogor Heritage City needs to incorporate sustainability principles to preserve Bogor’s historical landscapes and ensure implementation of the Heritage City Program. All activities undertaken under the program need to be evaluated to support sustainability of Bogor’s identity as a Heritage City. This study aimed to analyze the landscape conditions of each Heritage Area, examine the governance and institutional arrangements of Bogor Heritage City, assess community perceptions and participation, and formulate recommendations for sustainable and participatory historical landscape preservation governance strategies. Landscape conditions were analyzed based on landscape aspects, utilization, integrity, and authenticity. Governance was examined through policies, planning documents, institutional structures, the division of roles, and interagency coordination. Community perceptions and participation were analyzed descriptively after validity and reliability testing. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was conducted based on assessments by five experts of five sustainability factors, 16 preservation-action objectives, and eight Heritage Area alternatives. The results showed that the eight Heritage Areas have different historical landscape characteristics, with 34 designated Cultural Heritage assets and 453 Suspected Cultural Heritage Objects distributed throughout the city. However, the landscape conditions of Bogor’s Heritage Areas face pressures from land-use change, declining physical quality, and uneven implementation of preservation efforts. Preservation governance has been supported by regulations and regional planning documents, but it still lacks an operational guideline for the Heritage City, consistent policy alignment, and effective coordination and evaluation mechanisms. The community demonstrated a high level of concern and willingness to participate, although its involvement remains constrained by limited access to information, inadequate supporting facilities, and the absence of structured participation platforms. Based on the AHP results, the recommended historical landscape preservation governance strategies for Bogor Heritage City were prioritized according to policy, social, ecological, institutional, and economic factors. These five priorities were translated into the following strategies: (1) strengthening policy consistency and controlling spatial utilization within Heritage Areas; (2) increasing community participation through education and preservation facilitation; (3) organizing historical landscape elements based on the character of each Heritage Area; (4) empowering communities through collaborative institutional arrangements; and (5) developing heritage tourism and area interpretation. These five strategies are interconnected and are recommended as an integrated governance framework within the Bogor Heritage City Guideline.