Komunikasi Manajemen Pengetahuan Komunitas Praktik Bumdes: Studi Komparatif Ekosistem Offline Dan Online di Indonesia

Abstract

Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) sebagai instrumen kewirausahaan sosial desa menghadapi tantangan keberlanjutan yang kompleks. Meskipun regulasi memadai dan dukungan institusional tersedia, tingkat keberhasilan BUMDes masih rendah dengan hanya 12 persen dari 80.000 BUMDes yang aktif menghasilkan keuntungan. Penelitian ini mengkaji akar struktural permasalahan tersebut dengan menempatkan manajemen pengetahuan sebagai lensa analitis utama, berangkat dari premis bahwa kapasitas tata kelola BUMDes tidak hanya ditentukan oleh struktur formal dan sumber daya material, melainkan sangat bergantung pada bagaimana pengetahuan dikelola sebagai aset organisasi. Pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan adalah bagaimana praktik manajemen pengetahuan dalam kerangka SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) beroperasi secara berbeda pada lokus offline (BUMDes Mitra Perdana, Kepulauan Riau) dan lokus Online (Grup WhatsApp Bumdes.id Nasional) serta struktur kekuasaan apa yang membentuk perbedaan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konstruksi makna dinamika pengelolaan pengetahuan dalam komunitas praktik BUMDes, mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahannya, serta merumuskan model tata kelola BUMDes yang efektif dan kontekstual berbasis temuan lapangan dan digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus komparatif multi-sited ethnography (etnografi multi-situs) dalam tradisi Marcus (1995) dan Hine (2015) dengan desain kualitatif interpretatif (analisis tematik). Dua lokus dipilih berdasarkan logika komplementaritas, pertama, BUMDes Mitra Perdana di Desa Teluk Sasah, Kabupaten Bintan, Kepulauan Riau sebagai typical case yang merepresentasikan jalur pendampingan konvensional BUMDes Indonesia (lokus offline lapangan “ba”). Kedua, Grup WhatsApp Bumdes.id Nasional dengan lebih dari 1.000 anggota aktif dari 25 provinsi sebagai revelatory case yang memberikan akses ke fenomena komunikasi peer-to-peer horizontal (lokus online, trans-lokal digital “ba”). Data dikumpulkan melalui trnaskrip wawancara mendalam dengan 8 informan pendukung pada lokus offline serta analisis kondensasi unit makna terhadap 195 Condensed Meaning Units (CMU) dan 759 satuan makna komunikasi pada lokus Online dari isi pesan WhatsApp periode Januari-Desember 2023 yang diekstraksi dari 1.247 unit. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metodologi content analysis yang menghasilkan kategorisasi dan tema dengan lensa Model SECI. Kerangka teoretis mengintegrasikan model SECI dari Nonaka dan Takeuchi yang diperluas dengan dimensi kekuasaan dan kritik kolonialisasi dan dekolonialisasi dari Escobar (1995) sehingga memungkinkan pemahaman yang holistik tentang bagaimana konfigurasi kekuasaan membentuk proses konversi pengetahuan dalam ekosistem tata kelola BUMDes di lokus offline dan online. Penelitian ini mengungkap dua ekosistem epistemik yang kontras dalam tata kelola BUMDes. Lokus offline BUMDes Mitra Perdana Kepulauan Riau digambarkan sebagai manajemen ketergantungan ketimbang manajemen pengetahuan sejati. Sebanyak 51 persen praktik melibatkan ketergantungan epistemik eksternal, 88 persen akuisisi pengetahuan bersumber dari mentoring tenaga ahli, dan hanya 0,5 persen merepresentasikan internalisasi aktual. Dalam kerangka SECI Nonaka-Takeuchi, keempat fase konversi pengetahuan mengalami kegagalan sistematis. Fase sosialisasi bersifat hierarkis satu arah, eksternalisasi didominasi adopsi pengetahuan templat luar, kombinasi bersifat akumulatif bukan integratif, dan internalisasi hampir tidak terjadi. Kondisi ini dikonseptualisasikan sebagai “prevented internalization” Escobar (1995) kegagalan pembelajaran yang diproduksi secara struktural oleh konfigurasi kekuasaan, bukan sekadar hambatan kognitif. Sebaliknya, lokus online WAG Bumdes.id Nasional beroperasi sebagai demokrasi epistemik. Rasio 1:3,86 antara momen pembelajaran horizontal dan inovasi praktik menunjukkan efisiensi epistemik yang tinggi. Keempat fase SECI berjalan otonom, sosialisasi melalui ATM (Amati,Tiru,Modifikasi), eksternalisasi via metafora indigenous, kombinasi melalui kurasi epistemik kolektif, dan internalisasi melalui refleksi organisasional intensif. Di lokus ini, kekuasaan bergeser dari gatekeeping hierarkis menuju kurasi kolektif yang mengklaim kedaulatan epistemik komunitas. Dari temuan tersebut dirumuskan Model Manajemen Pengetahuan Hybrid dengan lima komponen: Hybrid Governance Structure yang memadukan legitimasi formal dengan Musyawarah Desa, Dual-Mode Learning System yang menggabungkan mentoring vertikal dan pembelajaran horizontal ATM, Phatic-Enabled Digital Infrastructure yang membangun fondasi relasional setara, Community-Validated Knowledge Production melalui kurasi epistemik dan eksternalisasi berbasis kearifan lokal serta Distributed Gatekeeping yang mentransformasi kontrol eksklusif menjadi akses terbuka. Secara keseluruhan, disertasi ini menegaskan bahwa BUMDes yang berkelanjutan adalah BUMDes yang mampu belajar dari praktiknya sendiri, mengelola pengetahuan secara kolektif, dan menyesuaikan tata kelolanya dengan konteks ruang “ba”. Dengan pendekatan ini, BUMDes tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai unit usaha desa, tetapi sebagai organisasi pembelajar yang menjadi fondasi penting bagi pembangunan desa yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Secara teoretis, penelitian berkontribusi melalui tiga inovasi, Decolonial SECI Framework yang mengintegrasikan dimensi kekuasaan epistemik ke dalam model Nonaka-Takeuchi, konstruk analitis baru prevented internalization, dan repositioning kewirausahaan sosial desa sebagai fenomena komunikatif-epistemik melampaui sekadar fenomena ekonomi-kelembagaan. Implikasi praktisnya mengarah pada pergeseran paradigma penguatan BUMDes dari pendekatan administratif menuju pembelajaran organisasi berbasis komunitas, dari akuntabilitas kepada hierarki pemerintah menuju akuntabilitas kepada komunitas, dan dari kepemilikan sistem menuju pembangunan kompetensi terdistribusi. BUMDes yang berkelanjutan adalah BUMDes yang mampu bergerak dari spiral SECI yang terkolonisasi menuju spiral SECI yang berdaulat secara epistemik atau dekolonialisasi.

ULY SOPHIA. Cross-Locus Knowledge Exchange in Bumdes Practice Communities: A Comparative Study of Offline and Online Ecosystems in Indonesia. Supervised by SARWITITI SARWOPRASODJO, DJUARA P.LUBIS, ENDRIATMO SOETARTO and DWI RETNO HAPSARI

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), as instruments for rural social entrepreneurship, face complex sustainability challenges. Despite adequate regulations and institutional support, the success rate of BUMDes remains low, with only 12 percent of the 80,000 BUMDes actively generating profits. This study examines the structural roots of this problem by positioning knowledge management as the primary analytical lens, starting from the premise that BUMDes governance capacity is not solely determined by formal structures and material resources but is highly dependent on how knowledge is managed as an organizational asset. The research question posed is how knowledge management practices within the SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) framework operate differently in offline settings (BUMDes Mitra Perdana, Riau Islands) and Online settings (the National Bumdes.idWhatsApp Group), and what power structures shape these differences. This study uses a multi-sited comparative case study approach with an interpretive qualitative design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five key informants and three supporting informants in the offline locus, as well as a content analysis of 759 communication meaning units in the Online locus extracted from 1,247 WhatsApp messages from January to December 2024. The analysis was conducted using a content analysis methodology with a meaning condensation unit approach, resulting in 13 analytical categories mapped to the SECI phases. The theoretical framework integrates Nonaka and Takeuchi's SECI model with Escobar's decolonial critical theory of power and knowledge, forming the Decolonial SECI Framework, which is the main theoretical contribution of this study. The first finding reveals two fundamentally different epistemic ecosystems. The offline locus exhibits a systematic configuration of epistemic dependencies: 51.0 percent of knowledge practices involve external dependencies, 88 percent of knowledge acquisition is sourced from external mentoring, 84 percent of institutional networks are channeled through vertical government institutions, and only 0.5 percent of practices represent internalization. Within the SECI framework, this pattern indicates a systematic failure in the four processes of knowledge conversion, conceptualized as prevented internalization, a condition in which four structural mechanisms (substitution of convenience for learning, mechanistic compliance, gatekeeping, and the absence of organizational reflection) collectively prevent the internalization phase from occurring. In contrast, the Online locus exhibits a configuration of epistemic democracy with high learning efficiency: a 1:3.86 ratio between horizontal learning moments and innovation moments, indicating that little horizontal learning results in a lot of innovation and practice adoption. A second finding reveals that differences in SECI practices reflect two opposing epistemic power regimes. In the offline locus, power operates through gatekeeping mechanisms that create internal epistemic hierarchies, positioning BUMDes as permanent consumers of knowledge through a dual dependence on external experts and internal gatekeepers. In the Online locus, power operates through epistemic curation mechanisms that claim community sovereignty, with 177 active curation moments representing the ability to decide which external knowledge is relevant, transforming the epistemic position from consumer to curator and producer of knowledge through externalization based on indigenous metaphors and hybrid synthesis. The third finding yields an empirically evidence-based Hybrid Knowledge Management Model that integrates five components: a hybrid governance structure that unifies formal structures with village deliberations as the highest organ; a dual-mode learning system that combines vertical mentoring with horizontal ATM (Observe-Imitate-Modify) learning; curation-based knowledge management that enables the active selection of external knowledge; inclusive decision-making that ensures accountability flows to the community; and distributed epistemic authority that shifts the source of legitimacy from institutional credentials to situated experience. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in the development of the Decolonial SECI Framework, which extends the SECI model to the context of rural community-based organizations by integrating the dimensions of power and epistemic coloniality. The concept of prevented internalization offers a new analytical construct for understanding organizational learning failures in the context of power asymmetry. Practically, this research provides implications for BUMDes managers and policymakers to shift the paradigm of BUMDes strengthening from an administrative approach to organizational learning that emphasizes the institutionalization of practice-based knowledge.

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), as instruments for rural social entrepreneurship, face complex sustainability challenges. Despite adequate regulations and institutional support, the success rate of BUMDes remains low, with only 12 percent of the 80,000 BUMDes actively generating profits. This study examines the structural roots of this problem by positioning knowledge management as the primary analytical lens, starting from the premise that BUMDes governance capacity is not solely determined by formal structures and material resources but is highly dependent on how knowledge is managed as an organizational asset. The research question posed is how knowledge management practices within the SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) framework operate differently in offline settings (BUMDes Mitra Perdana, Riau Islands) and Online settings (the National Bumdes.idWhatsApp Group), and what power structures shape these differences. This study uses a multi-sited comparative case study approach with an interpretive qualitative design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five key informants and three supporting informants in the offline locus, as well as a content analysis of 759 communication meaning units in the Online locus extracted from 1,247 WhatsApp messages from January to December 2024. The analysis was conducted using a content analysis methodology with a meaning condensation unit approach, resulting in 13 analytical categories mapped to the SECI phases. The theoretical framework integrates Nonaka and Takeuchi's SECI model with Escobar's decolonial critical theory of power and knowledge, forming the Decolonial SECI Framework, which is the main theoretical contribution of this study. The first finding reveals two fundamentally different epistemic ecosystems. The offline locus exhibits a systematic configuration of epistemic dependencies: 51.0 percent of knowledge practices involve external dependencies, 88 percent of knowledge acquisition is sourced from external mentoring, 84 percent of institutional networks are channeled through vertical government institutions, and only 0.5 percent of practices represent internalization. Within the SECI framework, this pattern indicates a systematic failure in the four processes of knowledge conversion, conceptualized as prevented internalization, a condition in which four structural mechanisms (substitution of convenience for learning, mechanistic compliance, gatekeeping, and the absence of organizational reflection) collectively prevent the internalization phase from occurring. In contrast, the Online locus exhibits a configuration of epistemic democracy with high learning efficiency: a 1:3.86 ratio between horizontal learning moments and innovation moments, indicating that little horizontal learning results in a lot of innovation and practice adoption. A second finding reveals that differences in SECI practices reflect two opposing epistemic power regimes. In the offline locus, power operates through gatekeeping mechanisms that create internal epistemic hierarchies, positioning BUMDes as permanent consumers of knowledge through a dual dependence on external experts and internal gatekeepers. In the Online locus, power operates through epistemic curation mechanisms that claim community sovereignty, with 177 active curation moments representing the ability to decide which external knowledge is relevant, transforming the epistemic position from consumer to curator and producer of knowledge through externalization based on indigenous metaphors and hybrid synthesis. The third finding yields an empirically evidence-based Hybrid Knowledge Management Model that integrates five components: a hybrid governance structure that unifies formal structures with village deliberations as the highest organ; a dual-mode learning system that combines vertical mentoring with horizontal ATM (Observe-Imitate-Modify) learning; curation-based knowledge management that enables the active selection of external knowledge; inclusive decision-making that ensures accountability flows to the community; and distributed epistemic authority that shifts the source of legitimacy from institutional credentials to situated experience. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in the development of the Decolonial SECI Framework, which extends the SECI model to the context of rural community-based organizations by integrating the dimensions of power and epistemic coloniality. The concept of prevented internalization offers a new analytical construct for understanding organizational learning failures in the context of power asymmetry. Practically, this research provides implications for BUMDes managers and policymakers to shift the paradigm of BUMDes strengthening from an administrative approach to organizational learning that emphasizes the institutionalization of practice-based knowledge.