Optimasi Sterilisasi Media dan Rekayasa Kelembapan Terkontrol pada Kultivasi Jamur Tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Abstract

Jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) merupakan jamur saprofit yang berperan penting dalam dekomposisi biomassa di ekosistem hutan serta termasuk hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang memiliki nilai gizi dan antioksidan tinggi. Meskipun memiliki potensi besar untuk dibudidayakan, produksi jamur tiram masih menghadapi kendala berupa tingginya tingkat kontaminasi dan rendahnya hasil panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan metode perlakuan pendahuluan yang efektif untuk menekan kontaminasi, mengidentifikasi jenis kontaminan yang muncul, serta mengevaluasi metode kultivasi yang optimal dalam meningkatkan hasil panen. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dua kumbung jamur di Kabupaten Bogor dengan perbedaan elevasi. Perlakuan pendahuluan dilakukan melalui variasi metode sterilisasi dan pasteurisasi media, kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan rasio C/N, kandungan lignoselulosa, dan tingkat kontaminasi. Rekayasa kultivasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan perlakuan pada elevasi berbeda serta penerapan kelembapan terkontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sterilisasi pada suhu 121°C selama 15 menit dan pasteurisasi pada suhu 100°C selama 4 jam mampu menekan tingkat kontaminasi lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya, dengan rasio C/N berkisar 32–34 yang mendekati kondisi ideal. Kandungan selulosa dan lignin tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan, sedangkan kandungan hemiselulosa berbeda nyata antarperlakuan. Kontaminasi didominasi oleh Trichoderma sp. Pada tahap kultivasi, perlakuan kelembapan terkontrol pada elevasi 450 mdpl menghasilkan kondisi lingkungan yang lebih stabil dengan rata-rata kelembapan relatif 91,63% (SD 2,89) dan efisiensi biologi sebesar 38,44%, meskipun belum berbeda signifikan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Optimalisasi sirkulasi udara dan pengendalian hama terpadu masih diperlukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas budidaya jamur tiram.

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a saprophytic fungus that plays an important role in the decomposition of forest biomass and is classified as a non-timber forest product (NTFP) with high nutritional and antioxidant value. Despite its significant cultivation potential, oyster mushroom production is often constrained by high contamination rates and low yields. This study aimed to determine an effective substrate pretreatment method to reduce contamination, identify the predominant contaminants, and evaluate cultivation methods to optimize mushroom production. The research was conducted at two mushroom cultivation houses in Bogor Regency with different elevations. Pretreatment experiments involved various sterilization and pasteurization methods, followed by analyses of the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, lignocellulosic composition, and contamination levels. Cultivation engineering was evaluated by comparing different elevations and the application of controlled humidity conditions. The results showed that sterilization at 121°C for 15 minutes and pasteurization at 100°C for 4 hours were more effective in suppressing contamination than the other treatments, producing C/N ratios ranging from 32 to 34, which were closer to the optimal range. Cellulose and lignin contents did not differ significantly among treatments, whereas hemicellulose content showed significant differences. The predominant contaminant identified was Trichoderma sp. During the cultivation stage, controlled humidity at an elevation of 450 m above sea level (asl) provided more stable environmental conditions, with an average relative humidity of 91.63% (SD = 2.89) and a biological efficiency of 38.44%, although the differences were not statistically significant compared with the other treatments. Further improvements in air circulation and integrated pest management are recommended to enhance oyster mushroom productivity.