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      Model Pengembangan Rantai Nilai Global Lada Indonesia: Pendekatan Sistem Dinamis

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Darhyati, Andi Tenri
      Nurmalina, Rita
      Novianti, Tanti
      Suharno
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      Abstract
      Pengembangan lada nasional masih menghadapi persoalan hulu-hilir, seperti rendahnya produktivitas, lemahnya posisi tawar petani, terbatasnya akses informasi harga dan pasar, kelembagaan yang belum optimal, mutu yang belum konsisten, pembiayaan yang terbatas, harga di tingkat petani yang rendah, serta distribusi nilai tambah yang belum merata. Di pasar global, negara importir semakin menuntut standar mutu, keamanan pangan, ketertelusuran, dan pemenuhan hambatan nontarif. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa persoalan lada Indonesia bukan hanya produksi, tetapi juga rantai nilai, tata kelola, mutu, akses pasar, dan kemampuan aktor domestik untuk menciptakan serta menangkap nilai tambah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan membangun model pengembangan rantai nilai global lada Indonesia berdasarkan kerangka Gereffi dengan pendekatan sistem dinamis melalui analisis struktur input-output, aktor, distribusi nilai tambah, kelembagaan, tata kelola, cakupan geografis, aliran perdagangan, potensi perdagangan, dan upgrading. Penelitian dilakukan pada sentra produksi lada di Provinsi Bangka Belitung dan Sulawesi Selatan dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Metode analisis meliputi analisis kualitatif untuk memetakan struktur input-output, aktor, aliran produk, kelembagaan, dan distribusi nilai tambah secara kuantitatif; analisis tata kelola berdasarkan indikator kompleksitas transaksi, kemampuan kodifikasi informasi, dan kapabilitas pemasok; gravity model dan potensi perdagangan untuk menjelaskan cakupan geografis serta aliran perdagangan; serta sistem dinamis untuk membangun dan mensimulasikan skenario pengembangan (upgrading) rantai nilai global lada Indonesia. Model sistem dinamis dibangun dari tiga submodel utama, yaitu produksi, konsumsi, dan perdagangan, dengan periode simulasi sampai tahun 2045. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani merupakan aktor utama pada tahap produksi, tetapi manfaat ekonomi yang diterima masih terbatas karena dipengaruhi oleh produktivitas, harga jual, biaya produksi, mutu hasil, akses pasar, dan posisi tawar. Sebaliknya, aktor hilir memiliki peluang untuk menangkap nilai tambah yang lebih besar karena menguasai volume, informasi pasar, standardisasi, pengemasan, jaringan perdagangan, dan akses ke pasar akhir. Temuan ini menjadi dasar dalam submodel produksi, terutama melalui variabel luas areal, produktivitas, produksi, mutu biji lada, harga di tingkat petani, biaya produksi, pendapatan petani, dan nilai tambah. Tipe tata kelola rantai nilai global lada Indonesia adalah tipe tata kelola relasional yang ditandai oleh kompleksitas transaksi yang relatif tinggi, kemampuan kodifikasi informasi yang masih rendah, dan kapabilitas pemasok yang relatif cukup. Hubungan antaraktor masih banyak bergantung pada kepercayaan, pengalaman transaksi, dan pembelian berulang, tetapi belum cukup kuat untuk menjamin konsistensi mutu karena standar mutu, spesifikasi produk, harga, dan persyaratan pasar belum sepenuhnya tertulis serta belum tersampaikan secara merata kepada para petani. Lemahnya kodifikasi informasi menyebabkan mutu lada belum konsisten, koordinasi dalam rantai nilai belum optimal, dan posisi tawar petani masih rendah. Temuan ini menjadi dasar penyusunan skenario upgrading, terutama penerapan praktik budidaya yang baik, peningkatan mutu, teknologi pascapanen, perbaikan harga yang diterima petani, dan penguatan kelembagaan. Hasil analisis cakupan geografis dan aliran perdagangan menunjukkan bahwa lada Indonesia telah terhubung dengan berbagai negara tujuan ekspor. Aliran perdagangan dipengaruhi oleh permintaan negara tujuan, daya saing, jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar, hambatan nontarif, dan keunggulan komparatif. Hambatan non-tarif, terutama terkait standar mutu, keamanan pangan, sanitasi, dan fitosanitasi, menjadi faktor penting yang membatasi akses ke pasar. Kondisi ini menjelaskan mengapa sebagian lada Indonesia lebih banyak masuk ke negara pengolah atau re-ekspor, seperti Vietnam, dibandingkan langsung ke pasar akhir bernilai tambah tinggi. Hasil analisis perdagangan digunakan sebagai dasar submodel perdagangan, terutama untuk menjelaskan volume ekspor, nilai ekspor, harga ekspor, nilai tukar, pangsa volume ekspor, dan pangsa nilai ekspor. Simulasi sistem dinamis membandingkan kondisi basis, yaitu kondisi tanpa tambahan intervensi kebijakan, dengan tujuh skenario upgrading. Skenario 1 merupakan upgrading proses yang terdiri atas peningkatan produktivitas melalui penerapan Good Agricultural Practices dan peningkatan luas areal produktif. Skenario 2 merupakan upgrading produk melalui peningkatan mutu lada. Skenario 3 merupakan upgrading fungsi melalui penggunaan teknologi pascapanen. Skenario 4 merupakan upgrading rantai melalui pemilihan saluran pemasaran yang lebih efisien. Skenario 5 menggabungkan skenario 2, 3, dan 4. Skenario 6 menggabungkan skenario 1, 2, dan 3. Skenario 7 menggabungkan seluruh intervensi, yaitu skenario 1, 2, 3, dan 4. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa skenario gabungan memberikan dampak paling kuat terhadap produksi lada nasional, pendapatan petani, volume ekspor, nilai ekspor, pangsa volume ekspor, dan pangsa nilai ekspor. Namun, temuan utama penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa upgrading proses, terutama peningkatan produktivitas dan pemulihan luas areal produktif, merupakan pengungkit awal yang paling menentukan. Kebaruan utama penelitian ini adalah model pengembangan rantai nilai global lada Indonesia yang bersifat komprehensif, terintegrasi, dan dinamis. Secara terintegrasi, implikasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pengembangan rantai nilai global lada Indonesia perlu diarahkan pada penguatan produktivitas, mutu, tata kelola, kelembagaan, hilirisasi, dan akses pasar secara bersamaan. Upgrading proses menjadi titik awal karena akar persoalan berada pada rendahnya produktivitas dan lemahnya kapasitas produksi di tingkat hulu. Upgrading produk diperlukan untuk memenuhi standar mutu dan mengatasi hambatan non-tarif. Upgrading fungsi diperlukan agar petani atau aktor domestik dapat masuk ke aktivitas bernilai tambah lebih tinggi. Upgrading rantai diperlukan untuk memperbaiki saluran pemasaran, memperkuat posisi tawar, dan memperluas akses ke pasar bernilai tinggi. Kata kunci: distribusi nilai tambah, kelembagaan dan tata kelola, sistem dinamis, struktur input-output, upgrading rantai nilai global
       
      The development of Indonesia's pepper industry continues to face interconnected upstream and downstream Challenges, including low productivity, weak bargaining power of farmers, limited access to price and market information, suboptimal institutions, inconsistent product quality, limited financing, low farm-gate prices, competition with other commodities, and unequal value-added distribution. In the global market, importing countries increasingly require quality standards, food safety, traceability, and compliance with non-tariff measures. These conditions indicate that the problem of Indonesian pepper is not only related to production, but also to the value chain, governance, quality, market access, and the ability of domestic actors to create and capture value added. Therefore, this study aims to develop a model for the Indonesian pepper global value chain based on Gereffi’s framework, using a system dynamics approach, by analyzing the input-output structure, actors, value-added distribution, institutions, governance, geographic scope, trade flows, trade potential, and upgrading. The study was conducted in pepper production centers in Bangka Belitung and South Sulawesi using primary and secondary data. The analytical methods included descriptive analysis to map the input-output structure, actors, product flows, institutions, and value-added distribution quantitatively; governance analysis based on transaction complexity, information codification, and supplier capability; a gravity model and trade potential analysis to explain geographic scope and trade flows; and system dynamics modeling to develop and simulate upgrading scenarios for the Indonesian pepper global value chain. The system dynamics model was built into three main submodels, namely production, consumption, and trade, with a simulation period up to 2045. The results show that farmers are the main actors at the production stage, but the economic benefits they receive remain limited because they are influenced by productivity, selling prices, production costs, product quality, market access, and bargaining power. In contrast, downstream actors have greater opportunities to capture value added because they control volume, market information, standardization, packaging, trade networks, and access to final markets. These findings provide the basis for the production submodel, particularly through variables such as harvested area, productivity, production, pepper quality, farm-gate prices, production costs, farmers’ income, and value added. The Indonesian pepper global value chain is characterized by relational governance, marked by relatively high transaction complexity, limited information codification, and relatively adequate supplier capability. Relationships among actors continue to rely largely on trust, accumulated transaction experience, and repeated transactions. However, these relationships are not yet sufficiently institutionalized to ensure consistent product quality, as quality standards, product specifications, pricing mechanisms, and market requirements have not been fully documented or communicated evenly to farmers. Weak information codification contributes to inconsistent pepper quality, suboptimal coordination within the value chain, and a weak bargaining position for farmers. These findings provide the basis for developing upgrading scenarios, particularly those related to the implementation of good agricultural practices, quality improvement, postharvest technology, better prices received by farmers, and institutional strengthening. The analysis of geographic scope and trade flows shows that Indonesian pepper is connected to various export destination countries. Trade flows are influenced by destination-country demand, competitiveness, economic distance, exchange rates, non-tariff measures, export prices, and comparative advantage. Non-tariff measures, particularly those related to quality standards, food safety, and sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, are important factors limiting market access. This condition explains why some Indonesian pepper is exported to processing or re-exporting countries, such as Vietnam, rather than directly to high-value final markets. The trade analysis results were used as the basis for the trade submodel, particularly in explaining export volume, export value, export prices, exchange rates, export volume share, and export value share. The system dynamics simulation compares the baseline condition, representing the absence of additional policy intervention, with seven upgrading scenarios. Scenario 1 represents process upgrading through increased productivity based on the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices and the expansion of productive cultivation areas. Scenario 2 represents product upgrading through improved pepper quality. Scenario 3 represents functional upgrading through the adoption of post-harvest technology. Scenario 4 represents chain upgrading through the selection of more efficient marketing channels. Scenario 5 combines Scenarios 2, 3, and 4. Scenario 6 combines Scenarios 1, 2, and 3. Scenario 7 integrates all interventions included in Scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4. The simulation results show that the combined scenarios generate the strongest effects on national pepper production, farmer income, export volume, export value, export volume share, and export value share. Nevertheless, the main finding indicates that process upgrading, particularly productivity improvement and the recovery of productive cultivation areas, constitutes the most decisive initial leverage point. The principal novelty of this study is the development of a comprehensive, integrated, and dynamic model for the Indonesian pepper global value chain. The policy implications emphasise that its development should simultaneously strengthen productivity, quality, governance, institutions, downstream processing, and market access. Process upgrading should serve as the starting point because the fundamental problems lie in low productivity and weak production capacity at the upstream level. Product upgrading is required to meet quality standards and address non-tariff measures. Functional upgrading is needed to enable farmers and other domestic actors to participate in higher-value-added activities. Chain upgrading is required to improve marketing channels, strengthen bargaining power, and expand access to high-value markets. Keywords: governance, input-output structure, system dynamics, upgrading, value-added distribution
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/176141
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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