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      Peranan Modifikasi Cuaca Untuk Mitigasi Bencana Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan Dalam Upaya Pengurangan Emisi Karbon di Indonesia

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Harsoyo, Budi
      Boer, Rizaldi
      Aldrian, Edvin
      Syaufina, Lailan
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      Abstract
      Kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) yang hampir rutin terjadi di Indonesia, khususnya di wilayah Sumatra dan Kalimantan, menjadi salah satu sumber utama emisi karbon sekaligus ancaman serius terhadap komitmen mitigasi perubahan iklim nasional. Dalam upaya pengendalian karhutla, Pemerintah Indonesia secara rutin memanfaatkan modifikasi cuaca. Sejak tahun 2016 terjadi perubahan paradigma pemanfaatan modifikasi cuaca dari pendekatan kuratif untuk pemadaman kebakaran (fire suppression) menjadi pendekatan preventif melalui pembasahan lahan gambut (re-wetting) guna menjaga kebasahan gambut dan menekan risiko kebakaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas, kontribusi, dan nilai manfaat modifikasi cuaca dalam mitigasi karhutla dan pengurangan emisi karbon di Indonesia. Evaluasi penambahan curah hujan dilakukan menggunakan metode Target Only dan Target Control. Efektivitasnya dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Difference-in-Differences (DiD) melalui perbandingan jumlah hotspot, luas karhutla, dan emisi karbon antara wilayah target dan non-target pada periode sebelum perubahan paradigma pemanfaatannya (2006–2015) dan sesudahnya (2016–2025). Penelitian ini juga melakukan valuasi ekonomi sederhana menggunakan pendekatan Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) untuk menilai efisiensi implementasi operasi modifikasi cuaca. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi modifikasi cuaca terbukti mampu meningkatkan intensitas curah hujan di wilayah target sebesar 93,7% berdasarkan perhitungan dengan metode Target Only, atau sebesar 96,4% dengan metode Target Control, yang berdampak pada meningkatnya Tinggi Muka Air Tanah (TMAT) gambut pada masa transisi musim hujan menuju kemarau. Kondisi tersebut berkontribusi dalam memperpendek periode kekeringan, menunda peningkatan hotspot, serta menekan luas kebakaran dan emisi karbon. Secara kuantitatif, pada periode 2016–2025 dibandingkan 2006–2015, jumlah hotspot di wilayah target Sumatra dan Kalimantan masing-masing berkurang sebesar -80,23% dan -69,29%, lebih besar dibandingkan wilayah non-target yang jumlahnya hanya berkurang sebesar -37,73%. Luas karhutla di Sumatra dan Kalimantan masing- masing juga menurun sebesar -71,12% dan -68,04%, sedangkan wilayah non-target hanya turun sebesar -16,13%. Dari aspek emisi karbon, hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan signifikan emisi karhutla pada wilayah target setelah implementasi modifikasi cuaca bertujuan preventif. Dibandingkan tahun 2015, emisi karbon nasional akibat karhutla menurun sebesar -34,58% pada tahun 2019 dan mencapai -80,85% pada tahun 2023, meskipun intensitas El Nino tahun 2023 lebih kuat dibandingkan tahun 2019. Hasil valuasi ekonomi menunjukkan bahwa implementasi modifikasi cuaca memiliki manfaat ekonomi yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan biaya operasionalnya, dengan nilai BCR sebesar 60 pada tahun 2019 dan meningkat menjadi 173 pada tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa modifikasi cuaca tidak hanya efektif sebagai instrumen mitigasi karhutla, tetapi juga berkontribusi nyata dalam mendukung pencapaian target pengurangan emisi karbon Indonesia dalam kerangka Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) dan agenda FOLU Net Sink 2030. Penelitian ini juga memberikan kebaruan metodologis melalui penggunaan pendekatan Target Control dan Difference-in-Differences (DiD) dalam evaluasi efektivitas modifikasi cuaca, serta menjadi salah satu kajian pertama yang mengintegrasikan parameter emisi karbon dalam evaluasi manfaat implementasi modifikasi cuaca di Indonesia.
       
      Forest and land fires, which occur almost annually in Indonesia, particularly in the regions of Sumatra and Kalimantan, have become one of the major sources of carbon emissions as well as a serious threat to the national commitment to climate change mitigation. In efforts to control forest and land fires, the Government of Indonesia has routinely implemented weather modification technology. Since 2016, there has been a paradigm shift in the utilization of weather modification from a curative approach for fire suppression to a preventive approach through peatland re-wetting aimed at maintaining peat moisture and reducing fire risk. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness, contribution, and benefit value of weather modification in mitigating forest and land fires and reducing carbon emissions in Indonesia. The evaluation of rainfall enhancement was conducted using the Target Only and Target Control methods. Its effectiveness was analyzed using the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach through comparisons of hotspot occurrences, burnt areas, and carbon emissions between target and non- target areas during the periods before the paradigm shift in its utilization (2006– 2015) and after the paradigm shift (2016–2025). This study also carried out a simple economic valuation using the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) approach to assess the efficiency of weather modification operations. The results show that the implementation of weather modification was proven to be able to increase rainfall intensity in the target area by 93.7% based on calculations using the Target Only method, and by 96.4% using the Target Control method, which had an impact on increasing the Groundwater Level (GWL) of peat during the transition period from the rainy season to the dry season. These conditions contributed to shortening drought periods, delaying hotspot escalation, and reducing burnt areas and carbon emissions. Quantitatively, during the 2016– 2025 period compared to 2006–2015, the number of hotspots in the target areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan decreased by -80.23% and -69.29%, respectively, which was substantially greater than the reduction in non-target areas of only -37.73%. Burnt areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan also decreased by -71.12% and -68.04%, respectively, while non-target areas experienced only a -16.13% reduction. From the carbon emission perspective, the results indicate a significant reduction in emissions from forest and land fires in target areas following the implementation of preventive weather modification. Compared to 2015, national carbon emissions from forest and land fires decreased by -34.58% in 2019 and reached -80.85% in 2023, despite the stronger El Nino intensity in 2023 compared to 2019. The economic valuation results demonstrate that weather modification implementation generated economic benefits far exceeding its operational costs, with a BCR value of 60 in 2019, increasing to 173 in 2023. This study confirms that weather modification is not only effective as an instrument for forest and land fire mitigation, but also contributes significantly to supporting Indonesia’s carbon emission reduction targets within the framework of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the FOLU Net Sink 2030 agenda. Furthermore, this study offers methodological novelty through the application of the Target Control and Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approaches in evaluating the effectiveness of weather modification, and represents one of the first studies to integrate carbon emission parameters into the evaluation of weather modification benefits in Indonesia.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/175950
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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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