Pengembangan Model Penangkaran Optimal dan Berkelanjutan Populasi Murai Batu (Copsychus malabaricus)

Abstract

Aktivitas pemeliharaan burung menggerakkan roda perekonomian melalui berbagai rantai usaha seperti pembuatan sangkar, produksi pakan hidup, serta jasa pelatihan dan perlombaan burung. Murai batu (Copsychus malabaricus) merupakan salah satu burung kicau dengan permintaan pasar dan nilai ekonomi tinggi di Indonesia karena popularitasnya sebagai burung lomba dan satwa peliharaan. Tingginya permintaan murai batu berpotensi meningkatkan pemanfaatan dari alam sehingga penangkaran menjadi penting untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar sekaligus mengurangi tekanan terhadap populasi liar. Pengembangan model penangkaran murai batu yang optimal dan berkelanjutan diperlukan agar penangkaran tidak hanya layak secara finansial, tetapi juga mampu menjaga keberlanjutan populasi serta memberikan manfaat sosial dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan best practice management dalam pengembangan model penangkaran murai batu, yang meliputi: (1) menentukan struktur populasi awal optimal dan potensi kuota panen lestari murai batu di penangkaran; (2) menyusun manajemen operasional serta kebutuhan sarana dan prasarana penangkaran; (3) menganalisis kelayakan finansial model penangkaran optimal yang dikembangkan; dan (4) menganalisis manfaat penangkaran murai batu yang dikembangkan terhadap aspek sosial dan ekonomi. Penelitian dilakukan di enam lokasi yang terdiri dari lima unit penangkaran murai batu dan satu unit peternakan jangkrik. Dua unit penangkaran yaitu Bowo Bird Farm (BBF) dan Ebenk Bird Farm (BBF), serta peternakan jangkrik berlokasi di Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Dua unit penangkaran Rispa Bird Farm (RBF) dan Flamboyan Bird Farm (FBF) berlokasi di Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat. Satu unit penangkaran lainnya yaitu PT Lestari Alam Simeulue (LAS) yang dikelola oleh Yayasan Ecosystem Impact (EI) berlokasi di Kabupaten Simeuleu, Provinsi Aceh. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur, observasi lapangan, wawancara, dan analisis logbook. Analisis dinamika populasi dilakukan menggunakan matriks Leslie deterministik berbasis betina berdasarkan data parameter demografi yang meliputi rasio jenis kelamin, fekunditas, dan peluang hidup. Proyeksi populasi dilakukan selama 20 tahun untuk menentukan struktur populasi awal optimal dan potensi kuota panen lestari pada tipe komposisi populasi awal, dilanjutkan dengan optimasi pada enam skala kandang reproduksi (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, dan 30 kandang) untuk menentukan skala usaha optimal. Analisis kelayakan finansial dilakukan menggunakan indikator Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), dan Discounted Payback Period (DPP). Analisis manfaat sosial dan ekonomi dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif berdasarkan manfaat sosial penangkaran, aktivitas rantai pasok, nilai transaksi ekonomi, dan serapan tenaga kerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur populasi awal yang optimal yaitu struktur yang seluruhnya terdiri dari individu dewasa reproduktif, dengan komposisi 19 pasang kelas umur C (>2–3 tahun) dan 1 pasang kelas umur D (>3–4 tahun). Model populasi memproyeksikan potensi kuota panen lestari kumulatif sebanyak 1.886 individu selama periode 20 tahun dengan kuota pelepasliaran sebanyak 98 individu. Nilai laju pertumbuhan populasi sebesar ? = 2,58 menunjukkan bahwa populasi murai batu di penangkaran mengalami peningkatan. Analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa parameter yang paling memengaruhi potensi kuota panen lestari yaitu bias rasio jenis kelamin keturunan. Manajemen operasional penangkaran murai batu meliputi aspek perizinan, kandang, pengadaan indukan, teknik pengembangbiakan, penyapihan dan pemeliharaan anakan, pakan, kesehatan, perawatan fase moulting, pengendalian predator dan hama, manajemen pemanfaatan, serta integrasi peternakan jangkrik. Integrasi peternakan jangkrik dikembangkan untuk mendukung penyediaan pakan hidup, menjaga kontinuitas ketersediaan pakan, dan meningkatkan efisiensi biaya operasional penangkaran. Kebutuhan sarana dan prasarana penangkaran dibagi menjadi prasarana lahan dan bangunan, kebutuhan kandang, aksesoris kandang, sarana operasional, serta sarana peternakan jangkrik. Hasil analisis finansial menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas 20 kandang reproduksi merupakan skala usaha optimal dan layak dikembangkan pada seluruh tingkat diskonto yang diuji. Analisis kelayakan finansial pada model ini dengan tingkat diskonto 6–12% menghasilkan NPV Rp235.522.332–597.076.311; BCR 1,212–1,410; IRR 19,98%; dan DPP 6,05–7,69 tahun. Analisis sensitivitas finansial mengidentifikasi harga burung dan kuantitas penjualan sebagai parameter yang paling memengaruhi kelayakan finansial penangkaran, sedangkan perubahan harga pakan memberikan pengaruh yang lebih kecil. Model penangkaran murai batu yang dikembangkan berpotensi memberikan manfaat sosial seperti memperluas koneksi dan relasi antarpelaku, menjadi lokasi perkumpulan komunitas, pengakuan institusional dan peran strategis dalam konservasi, serta mendukung kegiatan praktikum dan penelitian. Pada aspek ekonomi, penangkaran diperkirakan menghasilkan aktivitas rantai pasok yang melibatkan produsen, agen, toko, dan distributor dalam penyediaan pakan, obat dan vitamin, serta sarana dan prasarana penangkaran. Estimasi total nilai transaksi ekonomi tahunan terbesar berasal dari kebutuhan pakan burung Rp20.069.127, diikuti penggantian berkala sarana dan prasarana Rp9.735.800, pakan jangkrik Rp7.358.400, serta obat dan vitamin Rp802.000. Model penangkaran juga berpotensi menyerap dua tenaga kerja untuk mendukung operasional harian penangkaran.

Birdkeeping activities stimulate economic activity through various business chains, including cage manufacturing, live feed production, and bird training and competition services. The White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) is one of the most economically valuable songbirds in Indonesia due to its high market demand and popularity as both a competition bird and a pet. The high demand for White-rumped Shama may increase harvesting pressure on wild populations; therefore, captive breeding has become increasingly important to meet market demand while reducing pressure on wild populations. The development of an optimal and sustainable captive breeding model for White-rumped Shama is necessary to ensure that breeding operations are not only financially feasible but also capable of maintaining population sustainability and providing social and economic benefits. This study aimed to formulate best practice management in the development of an optimal and sustainable White-rumped Shama captive breeding model, which includes: (1) determine the optimal founder population structure and the potential sustainable harvest quota of White-rumped Shama in captivity; (2) developing operational management as well as the infrastructure and facility requirements for captive breeding; (3) analyze the financial feasibility of the developed optimal captive breeding model; and (4) assess the social and economic benefits generated by the developed White-rumped Shama captive breeding system. The study was conducted at six locations: five White-rumped Shama captive breeding facilities and one cricket farm. Two breeding facilities, namely Bowo Bird Farm (BBF) and Ebenk Bird Farm (EBF), as well as the cricket farm, were located in Bogor Regency, West Java. Two other breeding facilities, Rispa Bird Farm (RBF) and Flamboyan Bird Farm (FBF), were located in Bogor City, West Java. Another breeding facility, PT Lestari Alam Simeulue (LAS), managed by the Ecosystem Impact (EI) Foundation, was located in Simeulue Regency, Aceh Province. Data were collected through literature review, field observation, interviews, and logbook analysis. Population dynamics analysis was conducted using a deterministic, female-based Leslie matrix model with demographic parameters including sex ratio, fecundity, and survival probability. Population projections were carried out over a 20-year period to determine the optimal founder population structure and the potential sustainable harvest quota for each founder population composition type, followed by an optimization across six breeding-cage capacity scales (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cages) to determine the optimal business scale. A financial feasibility analysis was conducted using the indicators Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Discounted Payback Period (DPP). Social and economic benefit analyses were conducted qualitatively and quantitatively based on the social benefits of captive breeding, supply chain activities, economic transaction values, and employment generation. The results showed that the optimal founder population structure consisted entirely of reproductively mature individuals, comprising 19 pairs in age class C (>2–3 years) and 1 pair in age class D (>3–4 years). The population model projected a cumulative sustainable harvest quota potential of 1,886 individuals over a 20-year period, including a release quota of 98 individuals. The population growth rate (? = 2.58) indicated that the captive White-rumped Shama population was increasing. Sensitivity analysis showed that the parameter with the greatest influence on the potential sustainable harvest quota was the bias in offspring sex ratio. Operations management for White-rumped Shama captive breeding included licensing, cage management, founder procurement, breeding techniques, chick weaning and rearing, feeding, health management, molting-phase maintenance, predator and pest control, utilization management, and cricket-farming integration. The integration of cricket farming was developed to support live feed provision, maintain feed availability, and improve operational cost efficiency at the breeding facility. The infrastructure and facility requirements for captive breeding were categorized into land and building infrastructure, cage requirements, cage accessories, operational facilities, and cricket farming facilities. The financial analysis showed that a capacity of 20 breeding cages represented the optimal business scale and was financially feasible at all evaluated discount rates. Financial feasibility analysis at discount rates of 6–12% indicated that the model generated an NPV of IDR 235,522,332–597,076,311, a BCR of 1.212–1.410, an IRR of 19.98%, and a DPP of 6.05–7.69 years. Financial sensitivity analysis identified bird price and sales quantity as the parameters that most strongly influenced the financial feasibility of the breeding operation, whereas changes in feed prices had a relatively smaller effect. The developed White-rumped Shama captive breeding model has the potential to generate social benefits, such as expanding networks and relationships among stakeholders, serving as a gathering place for birdkeeping communities, strengthening institutional recognition and strategic roles in conservation, and supporting practical training and research activities. From an economic perspective, the breeding operation is expected to generate supply chain activities involving producers, agents, shops, and distributors in the provision of feed, medicines, and vitamins, as well as breeding facilities and infrastructure. The estimated largest annual economic transactions were bird feed requirements (IDR 20,069,127), periodic facility and infrastructure replacement (IDR 9,735,800), cricket feed (IDR 7,358,400), and medicines and vitamins (IDR 802,000). The captive breeding model also has the potential to create employment for two workers to support daily breeding operations.