| dc.description.abstract | Urolitiasis merupakan penyakit yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya batu
saluran kemih akibat endapan kristal, terutama kalsium oksalat. Pemanfaatan
tanaman obat seperti daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan kumis kucing
(Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) berpotensi menjadi alternatif terapi karena
memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, diuretik, dan antilitiasis. Senyawa bioaktif yang
terkandung memiliki kelarutan dan bioavailabilitas yang rendah. Penelitian ini
bertujuan mengembangkan nanoemulsi kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis
kucing serta mengevaluasi karakteristik fisikokimia, pelepasan zat aktif secara in
vitro, dan aktivitas antiurolitiasis secara ex vivo. Formulasi diawali dengan uji
kelarutan, penyusunan diagram fase pseudo-ternary, dan karakterisasi nanoemulsi
meliputi ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas (PDI), dan potensial zeta. Uji in
vitro drug release dilakukan menggunakan metode dialysis bag, sedangkan ex vivo
dengan pengukuran ion kalsium menggunakan Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (AAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tween 80, Span
80, propilen glikol, dan isopropil miristat merupakan komponen optimum dalam
formulasi nanoemulsi. Rasio Smix 1:1 menghasilkan daerah nanoemulsi paling luas
dan stabil. Formulasi terbaik memiliki ukuran partikel 51.15–165.2 nm. Formulasi
F8 (rasio ekstrak 4:1; Smix:Oil 8:2) menunjukkan pelepasan zat aktif tertinggi
sebesar 77.87% pada jam ke-6. Uji ex vivo menunjukkan nanoemulsi mampu
meningkatkan aktivitas peluruhan batu kalsium oksalat dibandingkan kontrol.
Nanoemulsi kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing berpotensi
dikembangkan sebagai kandidat fitofarmaka untuk pencegahan dan terapi
urolitiasis.
Urolithiasis is a urinary tract disorder characterized by the formation of
urinary stones due to crystal deposition, predominantly calcium oxalate. Medicinal
plants such as avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) and cat’s whiskers
(Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) have potential as alternative therapies
because of their antioxidant, diuretic, and antiurolithiasis properties. However, their
bioactive compounds exhibit poor solubility and low bioavailability. This study
aimed to develop a nanoemulsion containing a combination of avocado leaf and
cat’s whiskers extracts and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, in vitro
drug release profile, and ex vivo antiurolithiasis activity. The formulation process
included solubility studies, pseudo-ternary phase diagram construction, and
nanoemulsion characterization, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI),
and zeta potential measurements. The in vitro drug release study was performed
using the dialysis bag technique, while the ex vivo evaluation was conducted by
measuring calcium ion levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).
The results showed that Tween 80, Span 80, propylene glycol, and isopropyl
myristate were the optimum components for nanoemulsion formulation. A Smix
ratio of 1:1 produced the largest and most stable nanoemulsion region. The
optimized formulations exhibited particle sizes ranging from 51,15 to 165,2 nm.
Formulation F8 (extract ratio 4:1; Smix:Oil ratio 8:2) demonstrated the highest drug
release, reaching 77,87% at the 6th hour. The ex vivo study indicated that the
nanoemulsion enhanced calcium oxalate stone dissolution compared with the
control group.m These findings suggest that the nanoemulsion containing combined
avocado leaf and cat’s whiskers extracts has promising potential as a
phytopharmaceutical candidate for the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. | |
