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      Peran Mekanisme Ekman terhadap Kejadian Upwelling di Laut Timor pada Fase ENSO dan IOD

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Nazeeya, Chaisy
      Hidayat, Rahmat
      Hafizah, Izatul
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      Abstract
      Laut Timor merupakan wilayah strategis dalam sistem oseanografi Indonesia karena berada pada jalur Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) dan dipengaruhi oleh variabilitas iklim regional maupun global yang dapat memodulasi dinamika upwelling serta produktivitas perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji variabilitas spasial dan temporal upwelling di Laut Timor serta mengevaluasi peran mekanisme Ekman pada kondisi iklim yang berbeda, khususnya El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dan Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) selama periode 2010-2022. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan data reanalysis ERA5 dan data konsentrasi klorofil-a NASA OceanColor. Ekman Transport (ET) dan Ekman Pumping Velocity (EPV) digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi mekanisme fisik pengontrol upwelling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa upwelling memiliki pola musiman yang kuat dengan intensitas maksimum terjadi selama monsun tenggara atau Juni-Agustus yang ditandai dengan penurunan suhu permukaan laut (SST) dan peningkatan konsentrasi klorofil-a. ET menunjukkan peran yang lebih luas secara spasial, sedangkan EPV menunjukkan pengaruh yang lebih lokal. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan negatif antara ET dan SST serta hubungan negatif yang lebih kuat antara SST dan klorofil-a yang menunjukkan adanya keterkaitan antara proses fisik laut dan respons biologis. Analisis lag- correlation menunjukkan adanya hubungan temporal antara ET, SST, dan klorofil-a, dengan perubahan ET dan SST memiliki selisih waktu sekitar satu bulan, sedangkan respons SST dan klorofil-a berlangsung dalam selang waktu yang relatif berdekatan. Selain itu, ENSO dan IOD memiliki keterkaitan dengan variabilitas konsentrasi klorofil-a selama periode JJA dengan pola hubungan spasial yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa studi pemantauan upwelling di masa mendatang perlu mempertimbangkan interaksi antara mekanisme lokal Ekman dan variabilitas iklim global.
       
      Timor Sea is strategically located along the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) pathway and is influenced by regional and global climate variability that can modulate upwelling dynamics and marine productivity. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of upwelling in the Timor Sea and evaluates the role of Ekman mechanisms under different climate conditions, particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), during the period of 2010-2022. The analysis uses ERA5 reanalysis and NASA OceanColor chlorophyll-a data. Ekman Transport (ET) and Ekman Pumping Velocity (EPV) are used to characterize the physical drivers of upwelling. The results show that upwelling exhibits a strong seasonal pattern, with maximum intensity during the southeast monsoon (June- August), characterized by decreased SST and increased chlorophyll-a concentration. ET shows a broader spatial role, whereas EPV has a more localized influence. Statistical analyses reveal a negative relationship between ET and SST and a stronger negative relationship between SST and chlorophyll- a, indicating a connection between physical ocean processes and biological responses. Lag correlation shows that ET precedes SST by about one month, followed by an increase in chlorophyll-a, indicating a sequential physical- biological response within the upwelling system. In addition, ENSO and IOD are associated with chlorophyll-a variability during JJA, with different spatial patterns of correlation. These findings suggest that future upwelling studies and monitoring effortsshould integrate local Ekman mechanisms and global-scale climate variability.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/175355
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