Pemetaan Kesesuaian Spasial Lokasi Pembangunan PLTS dan PLTB Berbasis Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) di Jawa

Abstract

Meningkatnya kebutuhan energi listrik di Pulau Jawa mendorong pengembangan Energi Baru Terbarukan (EBT), salah satunya energi surya dan angin. Kajian potensi EBT di Indonesia masih banyak berfokus pada ketersediaan sumber daya tanpa mempertimbangkan kesesuaian wilayah secara spasial. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan area potensial pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) dan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB) di Jawa. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis spasial dan Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) dengan pendekatan pembobotan entropi dan Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) berbasis data variabel meteorologi dan spasial tutupan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi radiasi matahari di Jawa relatif tinggi dan merata dengan nilai 1660,7–1849,8 kWh/m²/tahun, sedangkan potensi angin dengan nilai 3,16–3,58 m/s dipengaruhi oleh sistem monsun Asia–Australia dengan kecepatan tertinggi di pesisir selatan Jawa pada periode Juni–Agustus. Area potensial PLTS terutama tersebar di sepanjang pantai utara Jawa, sedangkan PLTB terkonsentrasi di Probolinggo, Situbondo, Sukabumi, dan sebagian pesisir Jawa Timur. Potensi pengembangan sistem hibrida PLTS-PLTB ditemukan di Probolinggo, Situbondo, Kediri, dan Sukabumi. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa PLTS memiliki potensi pengembangan yang lebih luas dibandingkan PLTB, sementara pendekatan MCDM-WLC efektif dalam mengidentifikasi wilayah prioritas pengembangan EBT sebagai dasar perencanaan energi berkelanjutan di Jawa.

The increasing demand for electrical energy in Java Island encourages the development of New and Renewable Energy (NRE), one of which is solar and wind energy. Studies of NRE potential in Indonesia still focus largely on resource availability without considering spatial regional suitability. This study aims to map potential areas for the development of Solar Power Plants (PLTS) and Wind Power Plants (PLTB) in Java. The methods used are spatial analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) with entropy weighting and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) approaches with meteorological and spatial land cover variable data. The results show that the potential for solar radiation in Java is relatively high and evenly distributed with a value of 1660.7–1849.8 kWh/m²/year, while wind potential ranges from 3.16 to 3.58 m/s and is influenced by the Asian–Australian monsoon system with the highest speed on the southern coast of Java during the June–August period. Potential areas for PLTS are mainly spread along the northern coast of Java, while PLTB are concentrated in Probolinggo, Situbondo, Sukabumi, and parts of the East Java coast. Potential for hybrid solar-wind power plant (PLTS) and wind power plants (PLTB) systems has been identified in Probolinggo, Situbondo, Kediri, and Sukabumi. This study shows that solar power plants have broader development potential than wind power plants (PLTB), while the MCDM-WLC approach is effective in identifying priority areas for renewable energy development as a basis for sustainable energy planning in Java.