Taksonomi dan Bioprospeksi Multifungsional Termitomyces di Institut Pertanian Bogor

Abstract

Termitomyces merupakan jamur pangan liar yang bersimbiosis obligat dengan rayap subfamili Macrotermitinae dan berperan dalam dekomposisi lignoselulosa dan siklus nutrien di ekosistem tropis, serta berpotensi sebagai sumber pangan fungsional dan senyawa bioaktif. Namun, informasi mengenai keragaman spesies, pola persebaran, serta keterkaitan antara profil metabolit dan bioaktivitasnya di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi persebaran dan keragaman Termitomyces di kawasan IPB Dramaga, mengidentifikasi spesies secara morfologi dan molekuler, serta mengevaluasi kandungan nutrisi, bioaktivitas, dan profil metabolitnya. Penelitian dilakukan melalui eksplorasi lapangan, identifikasi morfologi dan molekuler berbasis ITS rDNA, analisis proksimat, uji bioaktivitas, dan profil metabolit. Bioaktivitas ekstrak Termitomyces dievaluasi menggunakan akuades, metanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana meliputi aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Bacillus cereus ATCC 10231 dan Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) dan 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), serta aktivitas antidiabetes melalui inhibisi a-glukosidase. Profil metabolit dianalisis menggunakan Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sembilan spesies Termitomyces terdistribusi pada 119 titik pertumbuhan dengan pola mengelompok pada habitat lembap yang dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas rayap. Identifikasi molekuler mengonfirmasi Termitomyces intermedius dan T. bulborhizus sebagai laporan pertama di Indonesia. Seluruh spesies memiliki kandungan protein tinggi (36,49–41,95 g/100 g) dan serat kasar tinggi (6,45–8,21 g/100 g). Hasil uji bioaktivitas menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan terkuat pada uji radikal DPPH diperoleh dari ekstrak metanol T. eurrhizus (IC50 35,47 µg/mL), sedangkan ABTS terkuat pada ekstrak akuades T. intermedius (IC50 20,34 µg/mL). Aktivitas antidiabetes paling kuat terhadap inhibisi a-glukosidase ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak n-heksana T. eurrhizus (IC50 43,86 µg/mL). Aktivitas antibakteri terbaik ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak n-heksana T. microcarpus terhadap B. cereus (MIC 500 µg/mL). Analisis LC–MS/MS terhadap tujuh ekstrak terpilih menunjukkan profil metabolit yang berbeda antarspesies dan pelarut, dengan ekstrak polar kaya senyawa antioksidan seperti ergotioneina dan asam p-kumarat, sedangkan ekstrak semi-polar hingga nonpolar didominasi turunan antrakuinon dan asam lemak bioaktif seperti asam ?-linolenat. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian komprehensif pertama yang mengintegrasikan taksonomi, bioaktivitas, dan metabolomik untuk mengungkap potensi multifungsional Termitomyces di Indonesia, sehingga mempertegas potensinya sebagai sumber pangan fungsional dan senyawa bioaktif.

Termitomyces is a wild edible mushroom that forms an obligate symbiosis with termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae and plays an important role in lignocellulose decomposition and nutrient cycling in tropical ecosystems. In addition, it represents a promising source of functional food and bioactive compounds. However, information on species diversity, distribution patterns, and the relationship between metabolite profiles and bioactivities of Termitomyces in Indonesia remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of Termitomyces in the IPB Dramaga area, identify species using morphological and molecular approaches, and evaluate their nutritional composition, bioactivities, and metabolite profiles. The study involved field exploration, morphological and ITS rDNA-based molecular identification, proximate analysis, bioactivity assays, and metabolite profiling. Bioactivity screening of aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts included antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10231 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and antidiabetic activity through a-glucosidase inhibition. Metabolite profiling was performed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The results revealed nine Termitomyces species distributed across 119 growth sites, with a clustered distribution pattern in humid habitats associated with termite activity. Molecular identification confirmed Termitomyces intermedius and T. bulborhizus as first records for Indonesia. All species exhibited high protein content (36.49–41.95 g/100 g) and high crude fiber content (6.45–8.21 g/100 g). Bioactivity assays showed that the strongest antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay was observed in the methanolic extract of T. eurrhizus (IC50 = 35.47 µg/mL), whereas the highest ABTS activity was detected in the aqueous extract of T. intermedius (IC50 = 20.34 µg/mL). The most potent antidiabetic activity through a-glucosidase inhibition was exhibited by the n-hexane extract of T. eurrhizus (IC50 = 43.86 µg/mL). The strongest antibacterial activity was observed in the n-hexane extract of T. microcarpus against B. cereus (MIC = 500 µg/mL). LC–MS/MS analysis of seven selected extracts revealed species- and solvent-dependent metabolite profiles, with polar extracts enriched in antioxidant-associated compounds such as ergothioneine and p-coumaric acid, whereas semi-polar to nonpolar extracts were dominated by anthraquinone derivatives and bioactive fatty acids such as ?-linolenic acid. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation integrating taxonomy, bioactivity, and metabolomics to elucidate the multifunctional potential of Termitomyces in Indonesia, highlighting its promise as a source of functional food and bioactive compounds.