| dc.description.abstract | DAS Bekasi Hulu berada di Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan luas DAS sebesar 39.250 hektar. DAS Bekasi Hulu merupakan bagian dari DAS Bekasi yang merupakan DAS terbesar di Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung Cisadane. DAS Bekasi Hulu memiliki tiga sungai utama yaitu Sungai Cileungsi, Sungai Cikeas dan Kali Bekasi Hulu dan menjadi sumber air yang sangat penting untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air untuk aktivitas masyarakat yang berada di area DAS Bekasi Hulu seperti sumber air baku PDAM dan industri, kegiatan perikanan, pertanian, perkebunan dan MCK. Kondisi sungai-sungai tersebut saat ini telah tercemar dan peruntukan air sungai tidak lagi dapat digunakan sebagai air baku air minum berdasarkan mutu air sungai. Kondisi fisik dari air sungai yang telah berwarna hitam, adanya timbulan busa, bau yang menyengat, terganggunya organisme perairan hingga kematian masal ikan di beberapa lokasi merupakan dampak dari limbah-limbah yang dihasilkan dari berbagai macam aktivitas manusia di sekitar sungai. Alih fungsi lahan pada DAS Bekasi Hulu menyebabkan degradasi kualitas perairan terutama pencemaran oleh nutrien dan bahan organik. Oleh karena itu penanganan pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu harus dilakukan secara menyeluruh (holistic) dan terintegrasi antar berbagai kepentingan melalui pendekatan sistem. Pendekatan sistem menggunakan model yang dapat memprediksi pencemaran di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu dimasa yang akan datang, dan menjadi bahan pertimbangan bagi pengambil kebijakan dalam pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu dengan analisis kondisi eksisiting kualitas air, status mutu air, daya tampung beban pencemaran, kapasitas asimilasi, pengaruh tutupan lahan dengan kualitas air, membangun model pengendalian pencemaran dengan berbagai skenario dan menentukan strategi pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu.
Penelitian dilakukan melalui evaluasi kualitas perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu serta dinamika parameter nutrien dan bahan organik berdasarkan musim yang disajikan dalam bentuk box plot. Status mutu air ditentukan dengan metode Indeks Pencemaran (IP), sedangkan beban pencemaran pada setiap segmen di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu dimodelkan dengan berbagai skenario menggunakan program QUAL2Kw versi 5.1. Nilai beban pencemaran hasil simulasi digunakan untuk menghitung Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran (DTBP) dan kapasitas asimilasi nutrien dan bahan organik di setiap segmen. Kondisi dan perubahan tutupan lahan di area DAS Bekasi Hulu menggunakan aplikasi ERDAS Imagine 9.2 dan ArcGIS 10.8. Pengaruh perubahan tutupan lahan terhadap kualitas perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu dianalisis dengan korelasi Rank Spearman menggunakan aplikasi Statistical Product and Service Solution 25 (SPSS 25). Identifikasi sumber pencemar untuk parameter nutrien dan bahan organik dilakukan dengan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) untuk menentukan komponen-komponen utama. Untuk menentukan strategi pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu dilakukan dengan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), sedangkan tingkat persepsi masyarakat diperoleh melalui metode Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). Model pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik dibangun melalui pendekatan sistem yang dibantu dengan aplikasi Powersim Studio 10.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu pada kondisi eksisting telah melampaui baku mutu air kelas II untuk parameter TSS, DO, H2S, Klorin bebas, Ni, Cu, Cr(VI), Fecal Coliform dan Total Coliform. Parameter nutrien berupa NO2-, NO3-, NH3, dan PO43- serta bahan organik seperti BOD dan COD juga telah melebihi baku mutu air kelas II yang mengacu pada PP No.82 tahun 2001 dan PP No.22 tahun 2021. Status mutu perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu berdasarkan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dikategorikan dalam status cemar ringan hingga cemar sedang dengan nilai IP 3,94-7,65. Nilai DTBP setiap segmen pada perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu masih memiliki kemampuan menampung beban pencemaran dari akumulasi parameter NO2- dan NO3- namun perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk menampung beban pencemaran NH3, PO43-, BOD dan COD. Kapasitas asimilasi diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu parameter NO3- dan COD berada dibawah garis baku mutu pada bagian hilir perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu. Adanya perubahan tutupan lahan pada area DAS Bekasi Hulu dimana lahan sawah terjadi degradasi yang sangat signifikan selama tahun 2018-2023 dengan penurunan luas sebesar 3863,20 ha atau 36,25%, sedangkan lahan terbangun terjadi peningkatan luas area sebesar 6186,47 ha atau 42,05%. Berdasarkan hasil korelasi Rank Spearman diperoleh adanya korelasi yang kuat pada setiap jenis tutupan lahan dengan parameter nutrien dan bahan organik.
Model pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu menggambarkan dinamika beban pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik yang terdiri dari klaster Sungai Cikeas, klaster Sungai Cileungsi dan klaster Kali Bekasi Hulu dengan skenario business as usual (BAU), moderat dan optimis. Skenario optimis dalam model merupakan skenario terbaik karena mampu membuat kondisi perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu memiliki beban pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di bawah kapasitas asimilasi. Strategi pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik dengan bobot tertinggi yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini yaitu peningkatan kapasitas sosial dan manajemen serta penegakan regulasi lingkungan. Kedua strategi tersebut menjadi prioritas utama dalam mengendalikan pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada strategi pengendalian pencemaran nutrien dan bahan organik di perairan DAS Bekasi Hulu dengan pendekatan sistem yang terintegrasi. Penelitian ini tidak hanya bersifat evaluatif, tetapi juga prediktif dengan membangun model dinamik yang mampu mensimulasikan skenario pengendalian pencemaran hingga tahun 2030 sebagai dasar pengambilan kebijakan pengelolaan DAS. | |
| dc.description.abstract | The Upper Bekasi Watershed is located in West Java Province with a watershed area of 39,250 hectares. The Upper Bekasi Watershed is part of the Bekasi Watershed, which is the largest watershed in the Ciliwung Cisadane River Basin. The Bekasi Hulu watershed has three main rivers, namely the Cileungsi River, the Cikeas River, and the Bekasi Hulu River, which are very important sources of water to meet the water needs of the community in the Bekasi Hulu watershed area, such as raw water sources for PDAM and industry, fisheries, agriculture, plantations, and public sanitation facilities. The condition of these rivers is currently polluted, and the water quality no longer meets the standards for use as raw water for drinking purposes. The physical condition of the river water, which has turned black, the presence of foam, a pungent odor, the disruption of aquatic organisms, and mass fish deaths in several locations are the effects of waste produced by various human activities around the river and the conversion of land use in the Bekasi Hulu watershed, which has caused degradation of water quality, particularly pollution by nutrients and organic matter. Therefore, the management of nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin must be carried out holistically and integrated across various interests through a systems approach. The systems approach uses a model that can predict pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin in the future, and serves as a consideration for policy makers in controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin. This study aims to formulate a strategy for controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin by analyzing the existing conditions of water quality, water quality status, pollution load capacity, assimilation capacity, the influence of land cover on water quality, developing a pollution control model with various scenarios, and determining strategies for controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin.
The study was conducted by evaluating the water quality of the Upper Bekasi River Basin and the dynamics of nutrient and organic matter parameters based on the season, presented in the form of box plots. Water quality status was determined using the Pollution Index (PI) method, while the pollution load in each segment of the Upper Bekasi River Basin was modeled using various scenarios with the QUAL2Kw version 5.1 program. The pollution load values from the simulation were used to calculate the Pollution Load Capacity (DTBP) and the assimilation capacity of nutrients and organic matter in each segment. The conditions and changes in land cover in the Bekasi Hulu watershed area were analyzed using ERDAS Imagine 9.2 and ArcGIS 10.8. The effect of land cover changes on water quality in the Bekasi Hulu watershed was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation using Statistical Product and Service Solution 25 (SPSS 25). The identification of pollutant sources for nutrient and organic matter parameters was performed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to determine the main components. The strategy for controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Bekasi Hulu watershed was determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, while the level of public perception was obtained through the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The model for controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution was developed through a systems approach assisted by the Powersim Studio 10 application.
The results of the study show that the water quality of the Bekasi Hulu watershed in its current condition has exceeded Class II water quality standards for the parameters of TSS, DO, H2S, free chlorine, Ni, Cu, Cr(VI), fecal coliform, and total coliform. Nutrient parameters such as NO2-, NO3-, NH3, and PO43-, as well as organic matter such as BOD and COD, have also exceeded Class II water quality standards as referred to in Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 and Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021. The water quality status of the Upper Bekasi River Basin based on the Pollution Index (PI) is categorized as slightly polluted to moderately polluted with a PI value of 3.94-7.65. The DTBP value for each segment in the Bekasi Hulu watershed still has the capacity to accommodate pollution loads from the accumulation of NO2- and NO3- parameters, but the Bekasi Hulu watershed does not have the capacity to accommodate pollution loads of NH3, PO43-, BOD, and COD. The assimilation capacity obtained in this study indicated that the NO3- and COD parameters were below the quality standard line in the downstream part of the Upper Bekasi Watershed. There has been a change in land cover in the Bekasi Hulu watershed area, where rice fields have degraded significantly during 2018-2023 with a decrease in area of 3863.20 ha or 36.25%, while built-up land has increased in area by 6186.47 ha or 42.05%. Based on the results of the Spearman's rank correlation, there is a strong correlation between each type of land cover and nutrient and organic matter parameters.
The model for controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin describes the dynamics of nutrient and organic matter pollution loads consisting of the Cikeas River cluster, the Cileungsi River cluster, and the Upper Bekasi River cluster under business as usual (BAU), moderate, and optimistic scenarios. The optimistic scenario in the model is the best scenario because it is able to make the water conditions of the Upper Bekasi River Basin have a pollution load of nutrients and organic matter below the assimilation capacity. The nutrient and organic matter pollution control strategies with the highest weight obtained in this study are increasing social and management capacity and enforcing environmental regulations. These two strategies are the top priorities in controlling nutrient and organic matter pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi River Basin. The novelty of this research lies in the strategy for controlling nutrient and organic pollution in the waters of the Upper Bekasi Watershed using an integrated systems approach. This research is not only evaluative but also predictive, building a dynamic model capable of simulating pollution-control scenarios through 2030 as a basis for watershed management policymaking. | |
