IPB University Logo

SCIENTIFIC REPOSITORY

IPB University Scientific Repository collects, disseminates, and provides persistent and reliable access to the research and scholarship of faculty, staff, and students at IPB University

AI Repository
 
Building and Categories


      View Item 
      •   IPB Repository
      • Final Assignments
      • Doctoral Final Assignments
      • DF - Forestry
      • View Item
      •   IPB Repository
      • Final Assignments
      • Doctoral Final Assignments
      • DF - Forestry
      • View Item
      JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.

      Integrasi Ekologi dan Teknologi Konservasi Kodok Merah (Leptophryne cruentata) di Pegunungan Tropis Indonesia

      Thumbnail
      View/Open
      Cover (636.3Kb)
      Fulltext (2.719Mb)
      Date
      2026
      Author
      Tohir, Rizki Kurnia
      Kusrini, Mirza Dikari
      Mardiastuti, Ani
      Rahman, Dede Aulia
      Metadata
      Show full item record
      Abstract
      Kodok merah (Leptophryne cruentata) merupakan amfibi endemik Jawa yang berstatus dilindungi di Indonesia dan dikategorikan Critically Endangered dalam IUCN Red List. Sebarannya terbatas pada dua kantong populasi utama, yaitu Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (TNGGP) dan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak (TNGHS). Meskipun memiliki status keterancaman tinggi, penelitian mengenai spesies ini masih terbatas dan sebagian informasi masih berasal dari catatan perjumpaan, laporan teknis, serta literatur abu-abu. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan informasi mengenai bioekologi, demografi, dan distribusi spasial kodok merah belum cukup untuk mendukung kegiatan konservasi berbasis data lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis ekologi habitat dan perilaku, mengestimasi populasi berbasis pengenalan individu, serta memodelkan distribusi dan proyeksi ancaman perubahan iklim. Kajian ekologi habitat dilakukan pada 11 lokasi di TNGGP yang mewakili sungai, air terjun-sungai, dan aliran rawa. Rentang elevasi utama hasil observasi berada pada 1281–1892 mdpl, dengan laporan tambahan pada 2089 mdpl, sekitar 260 m dari sumber air terdekat. Kodok merah memanfaatkan air terjun, sungai besar, sungai sedang, sungai kecil, rawa atau paparan banjir, serta rembesan dinding tebing. Habitat memiliki tutupan kanopi rapat dengan rentang 67-100%, lebar aliran 0,50-7,00 m, kedalaman aliran 1-80 cm, arus 0,40-0,80 m/s. Mikroklimat habitat relatif sejuk dan lembap, dengan suhu udara siang 18,51 ± 1,36 °C, suhu udara malam 17,63 ± 1,23 °C, kelembapan siang 92,38 ± 6,78%, kelembapan malam 92,56 ± 7,00%, suhu air siang 18,43 ± 1,79 °C, dan suhu air malam 17,83 ± 1,34 °C. Fluktuasi mikroklimatik pada mikrohabitat kodok merah teridentifikasi rendah. Pola aktivitas kodok merah berlangsung pada malam dan siang hari. Data waktu aktif mencatat 550 penemuan pada malam hari dan 348 penemuan pada siang hari. Suhu tubuh relatif stabil, yaitu 16,9 ± 0,9 °C pada malam hari dan 17,2 ± 1,0 °C pada siang hari, serta 17,0 ± 1,0 °C pada jantan dan betina. Hal ini didukung stabilitas mikroklimatik habitat kodok merah. Penggunaan ruang menunjukkan preferensi terhadap aliran berjeram sebanyak 558 individu, diikuti aliran kecil 289 individu dan aliran sedang 51 individu, dengan Cohen’s w sebesar 0,69. Perbedaan penggunaan ruang antara jantan dan betina ditemukan pada tipologi perairan dan substrat. Perilaku reproduksi ditunjukkan melalui vokalisasi jantan pada siang dan malam hari, dua tipe panggilan pada rentang frekuensi 3,7–4,1 kHz, tiga pasangan ampleksus, serta temuan betina gravid, telur, berudu, dan tahapan metamorfosis. Analisis morfometrik menunjukkan bahwa 898 individu tervalidasi terdiri atas 637 jantan dan 261 betina, dengan seks rasio gabungan 2,44:1. Individu betina memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar daripada jantan, dengan bobot 2,47 ± 0,63 g dibandingkan 1,17 ± 0,31 g pada jantan. SVL betina juga lebih panjang, yaitu 3,2 ± 0,3 cm dibandingkan 2,47 ± 0,2 cm pada jantan. Hubungan antara jenis kelamin dan bobot tubuh maupun SVL tergolong sangat kuat, masing-masing dengan r = 0,81 dan r = 0,82. Variasi fenotipik terdiri atas enam komposisi warna, yaitu merah, oranye, merah-kuning, hitam, keabuan, dan kuning. Pola dorsal memperlihatkan enam konfigurasi utama, dengan dominasi pola ‘O’ sebesar 67% dan pola ‘V’ sebesar 50%. Pengenalan individu berbasis Photo-ID pada 886 citra menghasilkan 701 individu unik. Sebanyak 558 individu tertangkap satu kali, sedangkan 143 individu tertangkap kembali, dengan tingkat tangkapan kembali 20,40% dan nilai akurasi top-1 97,90%. Kelimpahan relatif gabungan tercatat sebesar 16,46 ± 14,56 individu/100 m. Nilai kelimpahan tertinggi ditemukan pada Aliran Jembatan Rawa Gayonggong 2, Sungai Cimisblung 2, dan Curug Cibeureum 3. Estimasi populasi berbasis CMR menghasilkan taksiran total populasi kodok merah di TNGGP sebesar 1430 individu dengan CI 95%: 1.155–1.876. Teridentifikasi 7 metapopulasi kodok merah sebagai lokasi dengan potensi dispersal dengan estimasi populasi paling tinggi terdapat pada metapopulasi 3, 1, dan 2. Hasil pemodelan distribusi saat ini menunjukkan bahwa habitat dengan kesesuaian tinggi di TNGGP hanya seluas 902 ha atau 4% dari wilayah TNGGP. Variabel jarak dari sungai menjadi prediktor terpenting, diikuti elevasi dan temperature seasonality. Proyeksi perubahan iklim periode 2081–2100 menunjukkan kontraksi habitat pada skenario mitigasi (SSP1-2.6) maupun Business as Usual (BAU/SSP5-8.5). Habitat dengan kesesuaian tinggi menyusut dari 1906 ha menjadi 946 ha pada skenario mitigasi dan menjadi 585 ha pada skenario BAU. Peta biner dengan habitat yang sesuai turun dari 2204 ha menjadi 1933 ha pada skenario mitigasi dan 1342 ha pada skenario BAU. Pusat sebaran elevasi habitat berada pada 1723 mdpl pada kondisi saat ini, naik menjadi 1750 mdpl pada skenario mitigasi, dan turun menjadi 1529 mdpl pada skenario BAU. Pola downslope shift pada skenario BAU menunjukkan bahwa kesesuaian habitat masa depan lebih berkaitan dengan refugia mikroklimatik di lembah riparian daripada elevasi. Analisis AOO dan EOO pada lanskap TNGGP dan TNGHS menghasilkan EOO sebesar 418 km² dan AOO sebesar 64 km² dari 16 grid berukuran 2×2 km. Grid tersebut terdiri atas 11 grid di TNGGP dan 5 grid di TNGHS. Proyeksi kehilangan habitat kumulatif pada skenario SSP5-8.5 mencapai 80,68%, dengan penurunan 69,30% di TNGGP dan 86,05% di TNGHS berdasarkan pendekatan ekstrapolasi proporsional. Hasil ini mendukung kebutuhan re-assessment IUCN Red List, dengan Kriteria A3c mengarah pada Critically Endangered, sedangkan Kriteria B dan C lebih mengarah pada Endangered. Secara umum, konservasi kodok merah memerlukan perlindungan jejaring habitat perairan pegunungan, pemantauan populasi berbasis Photo-ID dan CMR, serta antisipasi kehilangan habitat akibat perubahan iklim. Habitat yang perlu diprioritaskan mencakup jejaring koridor hidrologis habitat kodok merah. Lembah riparian sisi timur TNGGP yang diproyeksikan tetap memiliki kesesuaian habitat pada skenario perubahan iklim perlu dipertimbangkan sebagai refugia mikroklimatik. Hasil penelitian juga mendukung beberapa kegiatan dalam SRAK Kodok Leptophryne Indonesia 2021–2030, terutama penyediaan data ekologi dan pemantauan populasi serta habitat.
       
      The bleeding toad (Leptophryne cruentata) is an endemic amphibian and the only amphibian species legally protected in Indonesia. It is also listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is currently known from two main population areas: Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP) and Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS). Despite its high threat status, research on this species remains limited, and current knowledge is still largely based on encounter records, technical reports, and grey literature. Consequently, information on the bioecology, demography, and spatial distribution of the bleeding toad remains insufficient to support field-based conservation actions. This study aimed to analyse habitat ecology and behaviour, estimate population size through individual recognition, and model the species’ distribution under current and future climate scenarios. The habitat ecology study was conducted at 11 sites in TNGGP. The main elevational range recorded during field observations was 1,281–1,892 m a.s.l., with an additional record at 2,089 m a.s.l., approximately 260 m from the nearest water source. The bleeding toad used waterfalls, large rivers, medium-sized rivers, small streams, swamps or floodplain areas, and seepages on cliff walls. Occupied habitats had canopy cover ranging from 67% to 100%, stream widths of 0.50–7.00 m, water depths of 1–80 cm, and current velocities of 0.40–0.80 m/s. Habitat microclimates were generally cool and humid, with daytime air temperature of 18.51 ± 1.36 °C, night-time air temperature of 17.63 ± 1.23 °C, daytime humidity of 92.38 ± 6.78%, night-time humidity of 92.56 ± 7.00%, daytime water temperature of 18.43 ± 1.79 °C, and night-time water temperature of 17.83 ± 1.34 °C. Activity was recorded both during the day and at night. A total of 550 encounters were recorded at night and 348 during the day. Body temperature remained relatively stable, averaging 16.9 ± 0.9 °C at night and 17.2 ± 1.0 °C during the day, and 17.0 ± 1.0 °C in both males and females. Spatial use indicated a preference for riffle streams, where 558 individuals were recorded, followed by small streams with 289 individuals and medium-sized streams with 51 individuals. Cohen’s w for this pattern was 0.69. Differences in spatial use between males and females were found in waterbody typology and substrate. Reproductive behaviour was indicated by male vocalisations during both day and night, two call types within a frequency range of 3.7–4.1 kHz, three pairs observed in amplexus, and the presence of gravid females, eggs, tadpoles, and metamorphs. Morphometric analysis of 898 validated individuals identified 637 males and 261 females, giving an overall sex ratio of 2.44:1. Females were larger than males, with body mass averaging 2.47 ± 0.63 g compared with 1.17 ± 0.31 g in males. Female SVL was also longer, at 3.2 ± 0.3 cm, compared with 2.47 ± 0.2 cm in males. The relationships between sex and both body mass and SVL were very strong, with r = 0.81 and r = 0.82, respectively. Phenotypic variation consisted of six colour compositions: red, orange, red-yellow, black, greyish, and yellow. Dorsal patterns showed six main configurations, with the ‘O’ pattern recorded in 67% of individuals and the ‘V’ pattern in 50%. Photo-ID-based individual recognition using 886 images identified 701 unique individuals. A total of 558 individuals were recorded only once, while 143 individuals were recaptured, resulting in a recapture rate of 20.40%, with a top-1 accuracy of 97.90%. Overall relative abundance was 16.46 ± 14.56 individuals/100 m. The highest abundance values were recorded at Aliran Jembatan Rawa Gayonggong 2, Sungai Cimisblung 2, and Curug Cibeureum 3. CMR-based population estimation produced a total estimated population of 1,430 bleeding toads in TNGGP, with a 95% CI of 1,155–1,876 individuals. Seven metapopulations were identified as locations with dispersal potential, with the highest population estimates found in metapopulations 3, 1, and 2. Current distribution modelling showed that highly suitable habitat in TNGGP covered only 902 ha, equivalent to 4% of the park area. Distance from rivers was the most important predictor, followed by elevation and temperature seasonality. Climate change projections for 2081–2100 indicated habitat contraction under both the mitigation scenario (SSP1-2.6) and the business-as-usual scenario (BAU/SSP5-8.5). Highly suitable habitat declined from 1,906 ha to 946 ha under the mitigation scenario and to 585 ha under the BAU scenario. Suitable binary habitat decreased from 2,204 ha to 1,933 ha under the mitigation scenario and to 1,342 ha under the BAU scenario. The elevational centre of habitat distribution was 1,723 m a.s.l. under current conditions. It shifted upward to 1,750 m a.s.l. under the mitigation scenario and downward to 1,529 m a.s.l. under the BAU scenario. The downslope shift projected under the BAU scenario suggests that future habitat suitability may depend more on microclimatic refugia in riparian valleys than on elevation itself. Analysis of AOO and EOO across the TNGGP and TNGHS landscapes produced an EOO of 418 km² and an AOO of 64 km², based on 16 grids of 2 × 2 km. These comprised 11 grids in TNGGP and five grids in TNGHS. Projected cumulative habitat loss under the SSP5-8.5 scenario reached 80.68%, with declines of 69.30% in TNGGP and 86.05% in TNGHS based on proportional extrapolation. These results support the need for an IUCN Red List reassessment. Criterion A3c towards Critically Endangered, while Criteria B and C are more consistent with Endangered. Overall, conservation of the bleeding toad requires the protection of montane aquatic habitat networks, population monitoring using Photo-ID and CMR, and early anticipation of climate-driven habitat loss. Priority habitats include waterfalls, riffle streams, small streams, shallow swamps, seepages on cliff walls, and the hydrological corridors that connect them. Riparian valleys on the eastern side of TNGGP that are projected to remain suitable under climate change scenarios should be considered potential microclimatic refugia. The findings also support several activities in the Indonesian Leptophryne Conservation Strategy and Action Plan 2021–2030, especially by providing ecological data and supporting population and habitat monitoring.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173890
      Collections
      • DF - Forestry [364]

      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
      All rights reserved
      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository
        

       

      Browse

      All of IPB RepositoryCollectionsBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjectsThis CollectionBy Issue DateAuthorsTitlesSubjects

      My Account

      Login

      Application

      google store

      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
      All rights reserved
      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository