Keanekaragaman Semut (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) pada Tiga Tipe Ekosistem yang Berbeda di Kabupaten Lebak Banten

Abstract

Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman hayati tinggi, termasuk semut (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) sebagai bioindikator ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis, menganalisis keanekaragaman, serta mengkaji hubungan karakteristik habitat dengan kelimpahan semut pada tiga tipe ekosistem di Desa Sindangratu, Kecamatan Panggarangan, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan pitfall trap selama tiga hari dan dianalisis menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman, kekayaan, dan kemerataan, serta uji ANOVA dan korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunitas semut terdiri atas 3.177 individu, 29 morfospesies, 18 genus, dan 4 subfamili, dengan kelimpahan tertinggi pada hutan alam dan terendah pada perkebunan kelapa sawit. Keanekaragaman semut tergolong sedang dan kelimpahan semut berbeda secara signifikan antarekosistem (p < 0,001). Kelembapan, vegetasi, dan serasah memiliki korelasi positif yang sangat kuat dengan kelimpahan semut, sedangkan suhu memiliki korelasi negatif dengan kelimpahan semut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kompleksitas habitat memengaruhi komunitas semut dan berpotensi menjadi indikator kualitas lingkungan.

Indonesia has high biodiversity, including ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as bioindicators of ecosystem conditions. This study aimed to identify species, analyze diversity, and examine the relationship between habitat characteristics and ant abundance across three ecosystem types in Sindangratu Village, Panggarangan District, Lebak Regency, Banten. The sampling method used pitfall traps for three days and data were analyzed using diversity, richness, and evenness indices, as well as ANOVA and Spearman correlation. The results showed that the ant community consisted of 3.177 individuals, 29 morphospecies, 18 genera, and 4 subfamilies, with the highest abundance recorded in the natural forest and the lowest in the oil palm plantation. Ant diversity was classified as moderate and ant abundance differed significantly among ecosystems (p < 0.001). Humidity, vegetation, and leaf litter had very strong positive correlations with ant abundance, whereas temperature had a negative correlation with ant abundance. These findings indicate that habitat complexity influences ant communities and has the potential to serve as an indicator of environmental quality.