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      Pengaruh Perubahan Iklim dan Kapasitas Adaptasi Petani Terhadap Produksi dan Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Padi di Provinsi Banten

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Mulyaqin, Tian
      Nurmalina, Rita
      Kusnadi, Nunung
      Trisasongko, Bambang Hendro
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      Abstract
      Perubahan iklim yang termanifestasi melalui anomali ENSO, perubahan pola curah hujan, peningkatan suhu, dan kejadian cuaca ekstrem menimbulkan risiko nyata terhadap sistem produksi padi di Provinsi Banten. Risiko tersebut tercermin pada fluktuasi output, perubahan kalender tanam, gangguan ketersediaan air, tekanan organisme pengganggu tanaman, dan ketidakpastian penggunaan input produksi. Sebagai salah satu sentra produksi padi di Indonesia, Provinsi Banten memiliki kerentanan yang cukup tinggi terhadap variabilitas iklim karena karakteristik agroekologi dan ketergantungan sebagian wilayah terhadap curah hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis pengaruh anomali iklim terhadap produksi padi; (2) mengukur kapasitas adaptasi petani beserta faktor pembentuknya; dan (3) menganalisis pengaruh kapasitas adaptasi terhadap efisiensi teknis usahatani padi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggabungkan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui survei terhadap 210 rumah tangga petani di empat sentra produksi utama, yaitu Lebak, Pandeglang, Serang, dan Tangerang, yang dikumpulkan pada periode Desember 2024–Februari 2025. Data sekunder mencakup data iklim, produksi padi, dan variabel ekonomi dalam bentuk runtut waktu dan panel. Analisis dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan, yaitu identifikasi fase ENSO menggunakan ONI, peramalan dan evaluasi produksi padi menggunakan model moving average, analisis pengaruh iklim dan ekonomi terhadap produksi padi dengan machine learning dan OLS, pengukuran kapasitas adaptasi dengan PLS-SEM, serta estimasi efisiensi teknis dan determinan inefisiensi dengan Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Berdasarkan klasifikasi ONI periode 2000–2024, ditemukan bahwa dalam rentang pengamatan terdapat 10 tahun La Niña, 7 tahun El Niño, dan sisanya berada pada kondisi netral. Evaluasi model time-series menunjukkan bahwa model Moving Average (MA) ordo 2 dan 3 memberikan kecocokan terbaik untuk menjelaskan pola produksi padi di kabupaten sentra produksi, dibandingkan dengan model linier, kuadratik, maupun eksponensial. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh ENSO terhadap produksi padi bersifat heterogen antarwilayah dan antarperiode. Secara umum, El Niño cenderung menekan produksi, sedangkan La Niña cenderung meningkatkan produksi, tetapi besaran dan arah pengaruhnya berbeda antarkabupaten. Kabupaten Tangerang menunjukkan kerentanan paling tinggi terhadap El Niño, sedangkan Kabupaten Lebak memperlihatkan pola respons yang lebih beragam. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pengaruh anomali iklim tidak seragam dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik agroekologi serta kapasitas pengelolaan lokal. Pada analisis pengaruh faktor iklim dan ekonomi terhadap produksi padi, hasil komparasi model menunjukkan bahwa Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) merupakan model dengan kinerja terbaik, dengan nilai RMSE 96.970,35 ton, MAE 87.298,46 ton, dan R² 0,8514, sehingga lebih unggul dibandingkan Random Forest, Cubist Regression, SVM, XGBoost, dan OLS sebagai baseline. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara variabel agroklimat dan produksi padi bersifat nonlinier dan kompleks. Dalam analisis kepentingan variabel, suhu permukaan tanah muncul sebagai faktor paling dominan, diikuti oleh variabel input agrokimia dan beberapa variabel ekonomi berupa upah buruh tani dan harga gabah di tingkat produsen. Hasil OLS juga menunjukkan bahwa suhu permukaan tanah, curah hujan, dan upah tenaga kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produksi padi, sedangkan beberapa variabel input lain tidak signifikan secara statistik. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa tekanan termal, curah hujan, dan biaya tenaga kerja merupakan determinan penting produksi padi di Provinsi Banten. Pada aspek kapasitas adaptasi, hasil PLS-SEM menunjukkan bahwa indeks kapasitas adaptasi petani berada pada nilai rata-rata 0,527 pada skala 0–1, yang termasuk kategori moderat. Distribusi petani menunjukkan bahwa 61,9 persen berada pada kategori moderat, 21,9 persen pada kategori tinggi, dan 16,2 persen pada kategori rendah. Secara spasial, Kabupaten Tangerang dan Serang memiliki indeks rata-rata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Pandeglang dan Lebak. Praktik adaptasi yang paling banyak dilakukan petani adalah penyesuaian varietas dan waktu tanam, sedangkan praktik konservasi jangka panjang seperti penggunaan pupuk organik serta konservasi tanah dan air masih relatif rendah. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas adaptasi petani menunjukkan perkembangan, tetapi masih perlu diperkuat terutama pada aspek sumber daya fisik, akses teknologi, dan adopsi praktik adaptasi berkelanjutan. Estimasi Stochastic Frontier Analysis menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi teknis rata-rata petani padi di Provinsi Banten berada pada kisaran 0,7503 atau sekitar 75,03 persen, dengan nilai minimum 0,3274 dan maksimum 0,9686. Artinya, masih terdapat peluang peningkatan output sekitar 24,97 persen melalui perbaikan manajemen dan efisiensi penggunaan input tanpa harus menambah input fisik secara berlebihan. Sebaran skor efisiensi menunjukkan bahwa 34,29 persen petani berada pada kategori rendah, 42,86 persen pada kategori moderat, dan 22,86 persen pada kategori tinggi. Pada fungsi produksi frontier, luas lahan merupakan variabel yang paling dominan, diikuti oleh pupuk nitrogen (urea) yang berpengaruh positif signifikan, sedangkan beberapa input lain tidak signifikan. Nilai gamma yang tinggi, sekitar 0,938, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar variasi output lebih banyak dijelaskan oleh inefisiensi teknis daripada gangguan acak. Analisis determinan efisiensi teknis menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas adaptasi dan frekuensi adaptasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi teknis usahatani padi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi kapasitas adaptasi dan semakin sering petani menerapkan praktik adaptasi, semakin tinggi tingkat efisiensi teknis yang dicapai. Sebaliknya, usia dan pengalaman tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan, sedangkan pendidikan formal justru berpengaruh negatif terhadap efisiensi teknis. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa pendidikan formal yang dimiliki petani belum sepenuhnya terorientasi pada keterampilan pertanian cerdas iklim. Secara spasial, Kabupaten Serang menunjukkan rata-rata efisiensi teknis tertinggi sebesar 0,826, sedangkan Kabupaten Lebak, Pandeglang, dan Tangerang masing-masing berada pada tingkat yang lebih rendah tetapi masih dalam kategori menengah atau moderat. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap produksi padi di Provinsi Banten bersifat heterogen antarwilayah, kapasitas adaptasi petani masih berada pada tingkat moderat, dan peningkatan kapasitas adaptasi berkaitan dengan peningkatan efisiensi teknis dan kinerja produksi. Implikasi kebijakan dari temuan ini menekankan perlunya penguatan strategi adaptasi yang bersifat spesifik lokasi. Pemerintah daerah perlu memprioritaskan penguatan infrastruktur irigasi, peningkatan akses petani terhadap informasi iklim dan teknologi budidaya, serta penyuluhan berbasis praktik adaptasi yang aplikatif di tingkat lapangan. Di wilayah dengan kapasitas adaptasi relatif rendah, intervensi perlu difokuskan pada peningkatan modal fisik, akses sarana produksi, dan pendampingan teknis yang lebih intensif. Sementara itu, di wilayah dengan efisiensi teknis relatif lebih tinggi, kebijakan dapat diarahkan pada difusi praktik terbaik melalui pendekatan petani ke petani agar praktik dan pengetahuan adaptasi dapat menyebar ke wilayah lain. Dengan pendekatan tersebut, peningkatan efisiensi dan ketahanan produksi padi di Provinsi Banten diharapkan tidak hanya bertumpu pada penambahan input, tetapi juga pada penguatan kapabilitas petani dan kemampuan mereka beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, kapasitas adaptasi, efisiensi teknis, padi, Provinsi Banten.
       
      Climate change, as reflected in ENSO anomalies, shifting rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events, poses substantial risks to rice production systems in Banten Province. These risks manifest as output fluctuations, changes in planting calendars, water availability constraints, increased pest and disease pressure, and uncertainty in the use of production inputs. As one of Indonesia’s important rice-producing regions, Banten is highly vulnerable to climate variability, given its agroecological characteristics and the rainfall dependence of several rice-growing areas. This study aimed to: (1) analyze the effects of climate anomalies on rice production; (2) measure farmers’ adaptive capacity and identify its underlying determinants; and (3) analyze the effects of adaptive capacity on the technical efficiency of rice farming. This study employed a quantitative approach by integrating primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a survey of 210 farming households in four major rice-producing districts: Lebak, Pandeglang, Serang, and Tangerang, from December 2024 to February 2025. Secondary data consisted of climate, rice production, and economic variables in time-series and panel-data formats. The analysis was conducted in several stages, including identification of ENSO phases using the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), forecasting and evaluating rice production trends using moving average models, analyzing the effects of climate and economic factors on rice production using machine learning and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), measuring adaptive capacity using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), and estimating technical efficiency and its determinants using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Based on the ONI classification for the 2000–2024 period, the observation years consisted of 10 La Niña years, 7 El Niño years, and the remaining years under neutral conditions. The time-series evaluation indicated that moving-average models of orders 2 and 3 provided the best fit for explaining rice production patterns across the major rice-producing districts, compared with linear, quadratic, and exponential models. The results further revealed that ENSO's effects on rice production were heterogeneous across regions and time periods. In general, El Niño tended to reduce rice production, whereas La Niña tended to increase production, although the magnitude and direction of the effects varied across districts. Tangerang District exhibited the highest vulnerability to El Niño, while Lebak District showed more diverse response patterns. These findings confirm that climate anomalies do not affect all regions equally and are strongly influenced by agroecological conditions and local management capacity. In the analysis of climate and economic factors affecting rice production, model comparison demonstrated that the Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) was the best-performing model, with an RMSE of 96,970.35 tons, MAE of 87,298.46 tons, and R² of 0.8514, outperforming Random Forest, Cubist Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and OLS as the baseline model. These findings indicate that the relationship between agroclimatic variables and rice production is nonlinear and complex. The variable importance analysis showed that land surface temperature was the most influential factor, followed by agrochemical input variables and several economic variables, particularly agricultural labor wages and farm-gate rice prices. The OLS estimation also showed that land surface temperature, rainfall, and labor wages significantly affected rice production, whereas several other input variables were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that thermal stress, rainfall variability, and labor costs are important determinants of rice production in Banten Province. Regarding adaptive capacity, the PLS-SEM results indicated that rice farmers' average adaptive capacity index was 0.527 on a scale from 0 to 1, indicating a moderate level of adaptive capacity. The distribution of farmers showed that 61.9 percent were classified in the moderate category, 21.9 percent in the high category, and 16.2 percent in the low category. Spatially, Tangerang and Serang districts exhibited higher average adaptive capacity indices than Pandeglang and Lebak districts. The most commonly adopted adaptation practices included adjustment of rice varieties and planting schedules, whereas long-term conservation practices, such as the use of organic fertilizers and soil and water conservation, remained relatively limited. These findings indicate that farmers’ adaptive capacity has been established, but still requires strengthening, particularly in terms of physical resources, access to technology, and the adoption of sustainable adaptation practices. The SFA estimation showed that the average technical efficiency of rice farmers in Banten Province was 0.7503, or approximately 75.03 percent, with a minimum value of 0.3274 and a maximum value of 0.9686. This finding implies that there remains potential for an output increase of approximately 24.97 percent through improved farm management and more efficient use of production inputs, without excessive additional input use. The distribution of technical efficiency scores showed that 34.29 percent of farmers were categorized as low, 42.86 percent as moderate, and 22.86 percent as high. In the stochastic frontier production function, land area was identified as the most dominant variable, followed by nitrogen fertilizer (urea), which had a positive and statistically significant effect, whereas several other inputs were not statistically significant. The gamma value, estimated at approximately 0.938, indicates that most of the variation in rice output was attributable to technical inefficiency rather than random shocks. The inefficiency determinant analysis revealed that adaptive capacity and the frequency of adaptation practices had positive and significant effects on technical efficiency. This implies that farmers with higher adaptive capacity and more frequent adoption of adaptation practices tend to achieve higher technical efficiency. In contrast, age and farming experience did not significantly affect technical efficiency, whereas formal education was negatively associated with technical efficiency. This finding suggests that formal education among farmers has not yet been adequately oriented toward climate-smart agricultural skills. Spatially, Serang District had the highest average technical efficiency score at 0.826, while Lebak, Pandeglang, and Tangerang districts showed relatively lower efficiency levels, though still within the moderate category. Overall, this study demonstrates that the effects of climate change on rice production in Banten Province are heterogeneous across regions, that farmers’ adaptive capacity remains at a moderate level, and that improvements in adaptive capacity are associated with higher technical efficiency and better production performance. The policy implications emphasize the importance of location-specific adaptation strategies. Local governments should prioritize strengthening irrigation infrastructure, improving farmers’ access to climate information and agricultural technologies, and enhancing extension services based on practical adaptive farming approaches. In areas with relatively low adaptive capacity, interventions should focus on strengthening physical capital, improving access to production inputs, and providing more intensive technical assistance. Meanwhile, in areas with relatively higher technical efficiency, policies should encourage the dissemination of best practices through farmer-to-farmer approaches to facilitate the diffusion of adaptive knowledge and practices across regions. Through such strategies, improvements in rice productivity and resilience in Banten Province are expected to depend not only on increasing input use but also on strengthening farmers’ capabilities and their capacity to adapt to climate change. Keywords: climate change, adaptive capacity, technical efficiency, rice, Banten Province.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173209
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