Model Integrasi Kebun Energi Terpadu Berbasis Kaliandra Merah, Penangkaran Rusa Timor, dan Lebah Madu

Abstract

Penelitian ini merancang model integrasi kebun energi terpadu berbasis kaliandra merah (Calliandra calothyrsus), penangkaran rusa timor (Rusa timorensis), dan budidaya lebah madu (Apis mellifera) menggunakan pendekatan demand-driven. Kebutuhan produksi wood pellet digunakan sebagai variabel pengendali untuk menentukan kebutuhan biomassa, luas total sistem, kapasitas populasi rusa, dan daya dukung koloni lebah madu secara terintegrasi. Model dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan bioekonomi deterministik berbasis simulasi skenario yang menghubungkan aspek biologis, finansial, dan sosial dalam satu sistem produksi multiproduk berbasis sumber daya lokal. Pendekatan tersebut digunakan untuk merancang sistem produksi yang mampu menghubungkan kebutuhan biomassa energi dengan kapasitas biologis model secara kuantitatif dan terukur. Permasalahan stunting di Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan rendahnya konsumsi protein hewani menjadi salah satu dasar pengembangan penelitian ini. Pemanfaatan rusa timor sebagai sumber protein hewani alternatif dipandang memiliki potensi untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan sekaligus meningkatkan pemanfaatan sumber daya kehutanan secara produktif dan berkelanjutan. Pengembangan penangkaran rusa timor masih menghadapi kendala pada aspek ketersediaan pakan, efisiensi produksi, dan tingginya biaya operasional. Integrasi dengan kebun energi berbasis kaliandra merah dan budidaya lebah madu dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan sumber daya, diversifikasi produk, dan keberlanjutan sistem produksi. Sistem multiproduk tersebut memungkinkan satu kawasan menghasilkan biomassa energi, sumber protein hewani, dan produk madu secara simultan sehingga pemanfaatan lahan menjadi lebih optimal dibandingkan sistem monokultur berbasis satu komoditas. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan target produksi wood pellet dari 1.000 hingga 5.000 ton per bulan meningkatkan kebutuhan luas total sistem dari sekitar 360 ha menjadi sekitar 1.780 ha. Peningkatan luas sistem juga meningkatkan kapasitas populasi rusa dari 4.943 menjadi 24.716 ekor dan kapasitas koloni lebah madu dari 1.400 menjadi 7.000 koloni berdasarkan faktor pembatas polen. Biomassa kaliandra berfungsi sebagai sumber bahan baku energi sekaligus penyedia hijauan pakan rusa dan sumber nektar lebah madu, sedangkan Arachis pintoi berperan sebagai sumber polen dan penutup tanah. Hubungan antara kapasitas produksi biomassa, daya dukung biologis, dan kebutuhan ruang operasional menunjukkan pola yang bersifat linier sehingga sistem dapat dirancang secara terukur sesuai kebutuhan produksi. Integrasi antar subsistem menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kapasitas biomassa secara langsung meningkatkan kapasitas produksi multiproduk dalam satu kawasan pengelolaan. Analisis finansial menunjukkan bahwa sistem kebun energi terpadu memiliki kinerja ekonomi yang lebih baik pada skala menengah hingga besar. Nilai Net Present Value (NPV) pada tingkat diskonto 10% menunjukkan hasil positif pada seluruh skenario pengembangan, meningkat dari sekitar 18,17 miliar rupiah pada luas total sistem sekitar 360 ha menjadi sekitar 117,63 miliar rupiah pada luas sekitar 1.780 ha. Nilai Internal Rate of Return (IRR) berada pada kisaran 14,63%–15,94%, sedangkan nilai Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) berada pada kisaran 1,17–1,23. Hasil analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa sistem cukup sensitif terhadap perubahan harga wood pellet, harga rusa, dan biaya operasional. Hasil simulasi model mulai menunjukkan kelayakan finansial yang optimal pada luas 720 ha dengan kapasitas produksi wood pellet sebesar 2.000 ton per bulan. Karakter sistem yang bersifat multiproduk menyebabkan sumber penerimaan menjadi lebih beragam dibandingkan sistem monokultur seperti perkebunan kelapa sawit yang bergantung pada satu komoditas utama, sehingga sistem memiliki potensi ketahanan ekonomi yang lebih baik terhadap fluktuasi pasar. Pengembangan model kebun energi terpadu menunjukkan potensi dampak sosial melalui peningkatan penyerapan tenaga kerja dan peluang usaha masyarakat. Peningkatan skala pengembangan sistem meningkatkan kebutuhan tenaga kerja tetap maupun tenaga kerja harian pada kegiatan kebun energi, penangkaran rusa, dan budidaya lebah madu. Aktivitas produksi yang berlangsung secara rutin berpotensi mendorong berkembangnya usaha masyarakat seperti penyediaan bibit, jasa operasional, transportasi, pengolahan hasil, pemasaran produk, hingga usaha kecil pendukung di sekitar kawasan pengembangan. Integrasi kebun energi, penangkaran rusa, dan budidaya lebah madu menunjukkan bahwa sistem multiproduk berbasis sumber daya lokal memiliki potensi dalam mendukung penyediaan biomassa energi, sumber protein hewani alternatif, diversifikasi pendapatan, dan pemanfaatan sumber daya secara lebih efisien dan berkelanjutan.

This study developed an integrated energy plantation model based on red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), Timor deer farming (Rusa timorensis), and honey bee cultivation (Apis mellifera) using a demand-driven approach. Wood pellet production demand was used as the controlling variable to determine biomass requirements, total system area, deer population capacity, and honey bee colony carrying capacity in an integrated manner. The model was developed using a deterministic bioeconomic approach based on scenario simulations integrating biological, financial, and social aspects within a multiproduct production system based on local resources. This approach was applied to design a production system capable of quantitatively linking biomass energy demand with the biological capacity of the system in a measurable manner. The issue of stunting in Indonesia, which is associated with low animal protein consumption, became one of the main considerations in developing this research. The utilization of Timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein is considered to have the potential to support food security while promoting productive and sustainable utilization of forest resources. The development of Timor deer farming still faces constraints related to feed availability, production efficiency, and high operational costs. Integration with red calliandra-based energy plantations and honey bee cultivation was developed to improve resource-use efficiency, product diversification, and production system sustainability. This multiproduct system enables a single area to simultaneously produce energy biomass, animal protein, and honey products, thereby allowing more optimal land utilization compared with monoculture systems based on a single commodity. Simulation results showed that increasing the wood pellet production target from 1,000 to 5,000 tons per month increased the total system area requirement from approximately 360 ha to approximately 1,780 ha. Expansion of the system area also increased the deer population capacity from 4,943 to 24,716 individuals and the honey bee colony capacity from 1,400 to 7,000 colonies based on pollen as the limiting factor. Calliandra biomass functioned as a source of energy feedstock as well as forage for deer and nectar for honey bees, while Arachis pintoi served as a pollen source and ground cover crop. The relationship between biomass production capacity, biological carrying capacity, and operational land requirements showed a linear pattern, indicating that the system can be quantitatively designed according to production demand. Integration among subsystems demonstrated that increasing biomass capacity directly enhanced multiproduct production capacity within a single management area. Financial analysis indicated that the integrated energy plantation system achieved better economic performance at medium to large scales. Net Present Value (NPV) at a 10% discount rate was positive across all development scenarios, increasing from approximately IDR 18.17 billion at a total system area of around 360 ha to approximately IDR 117.63 billion at an area of around 1,780 ha. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) values ranged from 14.63% to 15.94%, while Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) values ranged from 1.17 to 1.23. Sensitivity analysis showed that the system was relatively sensitive to changes in wood pellet prices, deer prices, and operational costs. The system began to demonstrate more stable financial feasibility at an area of approximately 720 ha with a wood pellet production capacity of 2,000 tons per month. The multiproduct nature of the system resulted in more diversified revenue sources compared with monoculture systems such as oil palm plantations that depend on a single primary commodity, thereby providing greater potential economic resilience against market fluctuations. The development of the integrated energy plantation system also demonstrated potential social impacts through increased labor absorption and community business opportunities. Expansion of the system scale increased the demand for both permanent and temporary labor in energy plantation management, deer farming, and honey bee cultivation activities. Continuous production activities also have the potential to stimulate the development of community-based enterprises, including seedling supply, operational services, transportation, product processing, product marketing, and small supporting businesses around the development area. The integration of energy plantations, deer farming, and honey bee cultivation demonstrated that a multiproduct system based on local resources has the potential to support biomass energy supply, alternative animal protein production, income diversification, and more efficient and sustainable resource utilization.