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      Proyeksi Luas Kesesuaian Habitat Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) di Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting Berbasis CMIP6 dan Skenario SSP

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Hakim, Muhammad Luthful
      Taufik, Muh.
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      Abstract
      Orangutan Kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) adalah spesies kera besar endemik di pulau Kalimantan, yang terancam punah karena degradasi habitat dan perubahan iklim yang terus berlanjut. Studi ini mengidentifikasi variabel prediktor utama habitat Orangutan dan memproyeksikan perubahan kesesuaian habitat di Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting berbasis proyeksi iklim. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Maximum Entropy dan empat jenis proyeksi iklim periode 2041-2060. Proyeksi iklim yang digunakan adalah dua model iklim CMIP6 (MRI-ESM2.0 dan CMCC-ESM2) dalam skenario SSP245 dan SSP585. Model dijalankan dengan 72 titik kehadiran Orangutan Kalimantan dari GBIF dan sepuluh variabel prediktor yang lolos seleksi multikolinearitas. Di antaranya empat variabel bioklimatik (BIO4 (suhu musiman), BIO6 (suhu minimum bulan terdingin), BIO7 (jangkauan suhu tahunan), BIO14 (curah hujan bulan terkering)) dan enam variabel fisik (elevasi, kemiringan lereng, jarak dari jalan, sungai, dan pemukiman, serta tutupan lahan). Hasil pemodelan baseline menunjukkan bahwa validasi model menghasilkan AUC sebesar 0,82. Analisis jackknife dan nilai permutation importance mengidentifikasi BIO7 dan BIO14 sebagai variabel dengan kontribusi paling signifikan. Luas habitat pada kategori “sesuai” pada kondisi baseline memiliki nilai sekitar 2.000 km². Kedua skenario MRI-ESM2.0 memproyeksikan kehilangan habitat tanpa penambahan area baru, sedangkan CMCC-ESM2 memproyeksikan penambahan area newly suitable yang meningkat dari SSP245 ke SSP585. Hasil model ini mencerminkan respons non-linear model terhadap intensitas emisi. Perbedaan antarmodel iklim ini menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan multi-model ensemble dalam perencanaan konservasi Orangutan yang adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim. Temuan ini diharapkan menjadi dasar ilmiah untuk perencanaan konservasi orangutan adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim.
       
      The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a great ape species endemic to the island of Borneo, which is critically endangered due to ongoing habitat degradation and climate change. This study identifies key predictors of orangutan habitat and projects changes in habitat suitability in Tanjung Puting National Park based on climate projections. This study uses the Maximum Entropy method and four types of climate projections for 2041-2060. The climate projections used are two CMIP6 climate models (MRI-ESM2.0 and CMCC-ESM2) in the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios. The model was run with 72 Bornean orangutan presence records obtained from GBIF and ten predictor variables that passed multicollinearity screening. These are four bioclimatic variables (BIO4 (temperature seasonality), BIO6 (minimum temperature of the coldest month), BIO7 (annual temperature range), and BIO14 (precipitation of the driest month)) and six physical variables (elevation, slope, distance from roads, distance from rivers, distance from settlements, and land cover). Baseline model validation yielded an AUC of 0.82. Jackknife analysis and permutation importance values identified BIO7 and BIO14 as the variables with the most significant contributions to the model. The total suitable habitat area under baseline conditions was approximately 2,000 km². Both MRI-ESM2.0 scenarios projected habitat loss with no emergence of newly suitable areas, whereas CMCC-ESM2 projected an increase in newly suitable areas from SSP245 to SSP585, reflecting a non-linear model response to increasing emission intensity. These inter-model differences underscore the importance of multi-model ensemble approaches for developing climate-adaptive orangutan conservation strategies. Moreover, the findings provide a scientific basis for adaptive orangutan conservation planning to climate change.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173155
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