KINERJA DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN EKSPOR LADA PUTIH BANGKA BELITUNG DI SINGAPURA DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT

Abstract

Lada putih Bangka Belitung atau Muntok White Pepper (MWP) merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan perkebunan Indonesia yang memiliki reputasi kualitas tinggi di pasar internasional dan berkontribusi penting terhadap perolehan devisa negara. Permintaan global terhadap rempah-rempah, khususnya lada putih, terus meningkat seiring dengan berkembangnya industri pangan, farmasi, dan bumbu olahan dunia. Namun demikian, kinerja ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung dalam satu dekade terakhir mengalami penurunan, baik dari sisi volume maupun nilai ekspor. Kondisi ini dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain penurunan produktivitas akibat serangan hama dan penyakit, alih fungsi lahan, melemahnya minat petani, fluktuasi harga global, serta semakin ketatnya persaingan dengan negara produsen utama seperti Vietnam dan Brasil. Selain itu, ketergantungan terhadap pasar re-ekspor, khususnya Singapura, serta keterbatasan penetrasi langsung ke pasar konsumsi akhir seperti Amerika Serikat turut menjadi tantangan dalam pengembangan ekspor MWP. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing ekspor, mengidentifikasi posisi pasar ekspor, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi nilai ekspor, serta merumuskan strategi pengembangan ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung yang berkelanjutan. Analisis dilakukan pada dua negara tujuan utama, yaitu Singapura dan Amerika Serikat, dengan menggunakan data periode 2010–2023. Metode analisis yang digunakan meliputi Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) untuk mengukur tingkat daya saing, Export Product Dynamics (EPD) untuk menganalisis dinamika posisi pasar, regresi data panel untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi nilai ekspor, serta pendekatan A’WOT yang mengombinasikan analisis SWOT dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dalam perumusan strategi pengembangan berdasarkan penilaian key informant. Hasil analisis RSCA menunjukkan bahwa daya saing ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung di pasar Singapura sebagian besar bernilai negatif, yang mengindikasikan bahwa MWP diduga tergolong tidak berdaya saing secara konsisten. Sebaliknya, di pasar Amerika Serikat, nilai RSCA cenderung bernilai positif, yang menunjukkan bahwa MWP memiliki keunggulan komparatif meskipun tingkat daya saingnya menunjukkan fluktuasi yang cenderung menurun. Hasil analisis EPD menunjukkan bahwa posisi pasar ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung periode 2011-2023 berada pada kategori falling star di Singapura dan Amerika Serikat. Hasil analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan bahwa produksi, nilai tukar, harga ekspor, dan kebijakan non-tarif barrier berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung, sedangkan harga domestik tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor penawaran, kondisi makroekonomi, serta hambatan perdagangan internasional memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan kinerja ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung. Berdasarkan hasil analisis A’WOT, strategi prioritas pengembangan ekspor lada putih Bangka

Belitung adalah penerapan Good Agricultural Practices dan pengendalian hama penyakit untuk meningkatkan produktivitas serta mutu produk agar memenuhi standar pasar internasional. Strategi pendukung lainnya meliputi penguatan sistem sertifikasi dan standardisasi mutu, peningkatan kapasitas petani dan pelaku usaha melalui pelatihan teknis, penguatan promosi berbasis indikasi geografis MWP, serta penguatan koordinasi kelembagaan antar pemangku kepentingan. Implementasi strategi tersebut diharapkan mampu meningkatkan daya saing, memperluas akses pasar, memperbaiki posisi pasar ekspor, serta mendukung keberlanjutan pengembangan lada putih Bangka Belitung di pasar global. Implikasi penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan ekspor lada putih Bangka Belitung perlu diarahkan pada penguatan penetrasi pasar konsumsi akhir, peningkatan produktivitas melalui penerapan GAP dan pengendalian hama penyakit, serta perbaikan mutu dan kontinuitas pasokan. Penguatan daya saing harga perlu dilakukan melalui efisiensi biaya produksi dan rantai pasok, sementara pemenuhan persyaratan non-tarif perlu didukung oleh penguatan sertifikasi, standardisasi mutu, dan ketertelusuran produk. Selain itu, penguatan promosi dan branding berbasis indikasi geografis MWP serta peningkatan koordinasi antar pemangku kepentingan menjadi langkah strategis untuk meningkatkan posisi pasar dan keberlanjutan ekspor MWP di pasar global.

Bangka Belitung white pepper, known as Muntok White Pepper (MWP), is one of Indonesia’s leading plantation commodities with a strong reputation for quality in international markets and an important contribution to national foreign exchange earnings. Global demand for spices, particularly white pepper, has continued to increase along with the growth of the global food, pharmaceutical, and processed seasoning industries. However, the export performance of Bangka Belitung white pepper over the past decade has shown a fluctuating trend and a general decline in both export volume and value. This condition has been influenced by several factors, including declining productivity due to pest and disease attacks, land conversion, decreasing farmer interest, global price fluctuations, and increasingly intense competition from major producing countries such as Vietnam and Brazil. In addition, dependence on re-export markets, particularly Singapore, as well as limited direct penetration into final consumer markets such as the United States, has also posed challenges to the development of MWP. This study aims to analyze export competitiveness, identify export market positions, examine factors affecting export value, and formulate sustainable export development strategies for Bangka Belitung white pepper. The analysis focuses on two main destination markets, namely Singapore and the United States, using data from the period 2010–2023. The analytical methods employed include Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) to measure competitiveness, Export Product Dynamics (EPD) to analyze market position dynamics, panel data regression to identify factors affecting export value, and the A’WOT approach, which combines SWOT analysis and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in formulating development strategies based on key informant assessments. The RSCA analysis results indicate that the export competitiveness of Bangka Belitung white pepper in the Singapore market is mostly negative, suggesting that MWP is consistently uncompetitive in this market. In contrast, RSCA values in the United States market tend to be positive, indicating that MWP has a comparative advantage, although the level of competitiveness remains fluctuating. The results of the EPD analysis indicate that the export market position of Bangka Belitung white pepper during the 2011–2023 period falls into the falling star category in Singapore and the United States. The panel data regression results show that production, exchange rates, export prices, and non-tariff barrier policies have a significant effect on the export value of Bangka Belitung white pepper, while domestic prices do not have a significant effect. These findings indicate that supply- side factors, macroeconomic conditions, and international trade barriers play important roles in determining export performance. Based on the A’WOT analysis, the main priority strategy for developing Bangka Belitung white pepper exports is the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and pest and disease control to improve productivity and product quality in order to meet international market standards. Supporting strategies include strengthening certification and quality standardization systems, improving the capacity of farmers and business

actors through technical training, enhancing promotion based on the geographical indication of MWP, and strengthening institutional coordination among stakeholders. The implementation of these strategies is expected to improve competitiveness, expand market access, enhance export market positions, and support the sustainable development of Bangka Belitung white pepper in global markets. The implications of this study indicate that the development of Bangka Belitung white pepper exports should be directed toward strengthening penetration into final consumer markets, increasing productivity through the implementation of GAP and pest and disease control, and improving product quality and supply continuity. Price competitiveness should be enhanced through production cost efficiency and supply chain optimization, while compliance with non-tariff requirements should be supported by strengthening certification, quality standardization, and product traceability systems. In addition, strengthening promotion and branding based on the geographical indication of MWP and improving coordination among stakeholders are strategic steps to enhance market position and ensure the sustainability of MWP exports in global markets.