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      Diversitas Molekuler dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Aktinobakteri Asal Madu Lebah Apis cerana dan Heterotrigona itama

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Nurjanah
      Lestari, Yulin
      Raffiudin, Rika
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      Abstract
      Aktinobakteri merupakan salah satu filum bakteri terbesar yang banyak ditemukan di lingkungan terestrial dan akuatik. Aktinobakteri terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu Streptomyces dan non-Streptomyces. Streptomyces menyumbang sekitar 70–80% senyawa bioaktif dan 80% antibiotik komersial, serta memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan senyawa antioksidan. Non-Streptomyces merupakan genus yang relatif lebih sulit dikultur dan hanya dapat tumbuh pada kondisi yang menyerupai habitat aslinya. Madu merupakan salah satu habitat alami yang menarik untuk dieksplorasi keberadaan aktinobakteri. Madu memiliki pH yang asam, namun menunjukkan perbedaan dari segi rasa berdasarkan jenis lebah. Madu yang dihasilkan lebah Apis cerana memiliki rasa manis dan Heterotrigona itama memiliki rasa asam. Perbedaan rasa madu kemungkinan berpengaruh terhadap keragaman aktinobakteri yang hidup di dalam madu. Aktinobakteri telah ditemukan hidup di dalam madu dan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Namun aktivitas antioksidan dari isolat aktinobakteri asal madu masih belum diketahui. Selain itu, informasi mengenai aktinobakteri dari madu lebah A. cerana masih terbatas pada lokasi geografis yang dilakukan dan belum ada data aktinobakteri dari H. itama. Keragaman aktinobakteri yang sulit diisolasi maka perlu dianalisis dengan metabarcoding. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengisolasi aktinobakteri dari madu lebah A. cerana dan H. itama, (2) menguji aktivitas antioksidan dari isolat aktinobakteri asal madu lebah A. cerana dan H. itama, dan (3) menganalisis keragaman aktinobakteri nonkultur dengan DNA metabarcoding. Madu lebah A. cerana dan H. itama dikoleksi dari tiga koloni yang hidup secara simpatrik di peternakan lebah di Desa Cijangkar Kec. Nyalindung Kab. Sukabumi. Peternakan lebah berada dalam kondisi alami yang berada jauh dari sumber polusi udara. Parameter fisikokimia madu yang diukur meliputi electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, kadar air, dan suhu pada madu, serta warna madu. Parameter lingkungan yang juga diukur meliputi kelembapan, elevasi, suhu, intensitas cahaya, dan kecepatan angin. Selain itu, tumbuhan sekitar lokasi peternakan lebah diinventarisasi untuk mengetahui jenis tumbuhan yang menjadi sumber nektar dan mikroba. Isolasi aktinobakteri dari madu dilakukan menggunakan media International Streptomyces Project No.4 (ISP4) dan media Humic acid-Vitamin agar. Koloni aktinobakteri yang tumbuh dimurnikan pada media ISP4 dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan tiga jenis media berbeda, yaitu ISP2, ISP4, dan YSA. Isolat diremajakan pada media ISP4 dan diekstraksi DNA-nya. DNA hasil ekstraksi dikirimkan ke jasa sekuensing untuk identifikasi gen 16S rRNA isolat aktinobakteri. Produksi senyawa bioaktif dilakukan dengan pelarut etil asetat. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Analisis keragaman komunitas aktinobakteri dalam madu dilakukan dengan Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) berbasis gen 16S rRNA pada platform Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Hasil penelitian ini berhasil mengisolasi aktinobakteri dari madu sebanyak lima isolat. Dua isolat yaitu Ac2.1, Ac2.2 diisolasi dari madu lebah A. cerana dan tiga isolat yaitu Hi3.1, Hi3.2, dan Hi3.4 dikultur dari madu lebah H. itama. Kelima isolat didapatkan dengan metode pengayaan sebanyak empat isolat dan satu isolat dengan metode pengenceran. Isolat aktinobakteri ini memiliki karakterisasi yang sangat bervariasi berdasarkan warna miselium aerial dan miselium substrat pada tiga media berbeda. Kelima isolat memiliki dua tipe rantai spora, yaitu Rectiflexibiles dan Retinaculiaperti. Isolat aktinobakteri yang ditemukan termasuk bakteri Gram positif. Kelima isolat diidentifikasi ke dalam genus Streptomyces. Keberadaan Streptomyces di dalam madu didukung oleh data fisikokimia dari madu. Selain itu, kondisi fisikokimia madu lebah A. cerana yaitu pH 3,8-4,2, kadar air: 19,6-21,1%, EC: 0,34-0,79 mS/cm, TDS: 374-400 ppm dan suhu pada madu sekitar 28-30 ºC, serta madu berwarna kuning terang. Madu lebah H. itama memiliki fisikokimia, yaitu pH 3,3-3,9, kadar air: 25,6-30,2%, EC: 0,99-1,66 mS/cm, TDS: 494-831 ppm, suhu pada madu sekitar 29 ºC, serta madu memiliki warna kuning hingga kuning keemasan. Penelitian uji isolat aktinobakteri yang diperoleh menghasilkan aktivitas antioksidan. Kelima isolat Streptomyces dalam uji aktivitas antioksidan ditemukan satu isolat Streptomyces kode Hi3.1 memiliki aktivitas antioksidan (IC50 = 267.09 µg/mL). Sementara itu, dua isolat Streptomyces (Hi3.2 dan Hi3.4) dari madu lebah H. itama dan dua isolat (Ac2.1 dan Ac2.2) dari madu lebah A. cerana tidak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Keragaman aktinobakteri yang belum dapat dikultur dari kedua jenis madu berhasil dideteksi dengan metode metabarcoding gen 16S rRNA sebanyak 111 spesies aktinobakteri. Keragaman aktinobakteri pada madu lebah A. cerana ditemukan sebanyak 97 spesies, sedangkan pada madu lebah H. itama ditemukan 31 spesies aktinobakteri. Spesies aktinobakteri yang ditemukan pada kedua jenis madu sebanyak 17 spesies. Aktinobakteri yang banyak ditemukan di dalam madu yaitu kelompok non-Streptomyces dengan tiga genus yang memiliki kelimpahan tertinggi. Tiga genus yang terdeteksi yaitu Brevibacterium, Brachybacterium, dan Sinomonas yang ditemukan pada kedua jenis madu. Selain itu, kedua jenis madu juga banyak ditemukan genus-genus aktinobakteri dari kelompok non Streptomyces yang kelimpahannya sedang dan rendah. Genus Streptomyces ditemukan dengan kelimpahan sangat kecil pada madu, namun genus ini berhasil diisolasi, sedangkan genus dengan kelimpahan terbanyak masih belum bisa diisolasi menggunakan metode pengayaan dan pengenceran serta media HV dan ISP4. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa aktinobakteri banyak ditemukan di dalam madu, namun hanya sebagian kecil yang berhasil diisolasi dengan metode dan media yang digunakan. Aktinobakteri dari madu lebah A. cerana memiliki jumlah aktinobakteri yang lebih banyak dan lebih beragam dibandingkan dengan madu lebah H. itama. Aktinobakteri dideteksi sebanyak 12,17% hidup di dalam madu. Secara keseluruhan, kelompok non-Streptomyces ditemukan sebanyak 98,19% pada madu, sedangkan Streptomyces hanya 1,80% di dalam madu.
       
      Actinobacteria are one of the largest bacterial phyla found in terrestrial and aquatic environments. They are generally divided into two groups: Streptomyces and non-Streptomyces. Streptomyces contributes approximately 70–80% of bioactive compounds and 80% of commercial antibiotics, and has the ability to produce antioxidant compounds. Non-Streptomyces genera are relatively more difficult to culture and can only grow in conditions that mimic their natural habitat. Honey is an interesting natural habitat for exploring the presence of actinobacteria. Honey has an acidic pH, but shows differences in taste depending on the type of bee. Honey produced by Apis cerana has a sweet taste, and Heterotrigona itama has a sour taste. Differences in honey taste are likely to influence the diversity of actinobacteria that live in honey. Actinobacteria isolated from honey have been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity. However, the antioxidant activity of actinobacterial isolates from honey remains unknown. The information regarding actinobacteria from A. cerana is still limited to the geographical location where it was carried out, and there is no actinobacterial data from H. itama. The difficult to isolate diversity of actinobacteria needs to be analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to isolate actinobacteria from A. cerana and H. itama honey, (2) to test the antioxidant activity of actinobacterial isolates from A. cerana and H. itama honey, and (3) to analyze the diversity of culture-independent actinobacteria using DNA metabarcoding. Honey was collected from three colonies of A. cerana and H. itama bees each. The selected bee colonies came from the same farm (sympatric) and are located far from sources of air pollution, so the conditions remain natural. Physicochemical parameters of honey were measured, including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, water content, and temperature in honey, as well as honey color data. Environmental parameters were also measured as supporting data, including humidity, elevation, temperature, light intensity, and wind speed. The plants around the bee farm were inventoried to identify those that serve as sources of nectar and microbes. Isolation of actinobacteria from honey was carried out using International Streptomyces Project No. 4 (ISP4) agar and Humic acid - Vitamin agar media. Actinobacterial colonies that grew were purified on ISP4 agar and characterized using three media: ISP2, ISP4, and YSA. Isolates were rejuvenated on ISP4 media, and their DNA was extracted. The extracted DNA was sent to a sequencing service for identification of the 16S rRNA gene of actinobacterial isolates. Production of bioactive compounds was carried out using ethyl acetate as a solvent. Antioxidant activity testing was carried out using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Analysis of the diversity of actinobacterial communities in honey was carried out using 16S rRNA gene-based Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platform. This study successfully isolated five actinobacteria from honey. Two isolates, namely Ac2.1 and Ac2.2, were isolated from A. cerana honey, and three isolates, namely Hi3.1, Hi3.2, and Hi3.4, were cultured from H. itama honey. The five isolates were obtained by the enrichment method, with four isolates and one isolate by the dilution method. These actinobacterial isolates exhibit highly variable characteristics, including the color of aerial and substrate mycelia, across three media. The five isolates have two types of spore chains, namely Rectiflexibiles and Retinaculiaperti. The actinobacterial isolates found are Gram-positive bacteria. The five isolates were identified as the genus Streptomyces. Physicochemical data from honey support the presence of Streptomyces in honey. The physicochemical conditions of A. cerana bee honey are pH 3.8-4.2, water content: 19.6-21.1%, EC: 0.34-0.79 mS/cm, TDS: 374-400 ppm, and the temperature of the honey is around 28-30 ºC, and the honey is light amber. Heterotrigona itama bee honey has physicochemicals, namely pH 3.3-3.9, water content: 25.6-30.2%, EC: 0.99-1.66 mS/cm, TDS: 494-831 ppm, the temperature of the honey is around 29 ºC, and the honey has an extra light amber to amber color. The study of the actinobacterial isolates obtained showed antioxidant activity. In the antioxidant activity test, one Streptomyces isolate, code Hi3.1, had antioxidant activity (IC50 = 267.09 µg/mL). Meanwhile, two Streptomyces isolates (Hi3.2 and Hi3.4) from H. itama stingless bee honey and two isolates (Ac2.1 and Ac2.2) from A. cerana honey bee did not have antioxidant activity. The diversity of actinobacteria that could not be cultured in both types of honey was successfully detected by the 16S rRNA gene Metabarcoding method, as many as 111 actinobacterial species. Actinobacterial diversity in A. cerana honey was 97 species, while in H. itama honey, it was 31 species. A total of 17 actinobacterial species were found in both types of honey. The actinobacteria most abundant in the honey were non-Streptomyces species, with the three most abundant genera being Brevibacterium, Brachybacterium, and Sinomonas. Furthermore, non Streptomyces actinobacterial genera with moderate and low abundance were also found in both types of honey. Streptomyces was detected at very low abundance in honey. It was successfully isolated, whereas the most abundant genera could not be isolated using enrichment and dilution methods or HV and ISP4 media. These results indicate that actinobacteria are abundant in honey. However, only a small fraction can be successfully isolated using the applied methods and media. A. cerana honey had a greater number and diversity of actinobacteria than H. itama honey. Actinobacteria were detected in 12.17% of the honey samples. Overall, non-Streptomyces groups were found in 98.19% of the honey samples, while Streptomyces made up only 1.80% of the honey samples.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/172997
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