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      Pengaruh Kekuatan Keuangan Bank Sentral terhadap Kredibilitas Bank Sentral: Peran Kerangka Efisiensi

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Fauziah, Mega
      Siregar, Hermanto
      Novianti, Tanti
      Juhro, Solikin M.
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      Abstract
      Bank Sentral didirikan berdasarkan mandat hukum dan peraturan yang eksplisit yang mendefinisikan wewenang, tujuan, dan struktur tata kelola. Mengacu kepada hal tersebut, Bank Sentral memiliki fungsi dan peran unik yang bertanggung jawab atas kebijakan moneter, stabilitas keuangan, dan sistem keuangan. Sebagai konsekuensi dari pelaksanaan mandatnya, Bank Sentral menghadapi berbagai risiko keuangan, khususnya ketika krisis ekonomi sebelumnya berdampak kepada tekanan dan kerugian pada banyak Bank Sentral. Kerugian tersebut tidak hanya memengaruhi kondisi neraca, tetapi juga berpotensi menimbulkan pertanyaan politis yang pada akhirnya dapat merusak kredibilitas Bank Sentral. Karena itu, penguatan kekuatan keuangan Bank Sentral (CBFS) dipandang penting untuk menjaga kepercayaan publik terhadap kemampuan Bank Sentral dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Di samping aspek keuangan tersebut, independensi Bank Sentral yaitu otonomi dalam pengambilan keputusan tanpa campur tangan politik adalah menjadi elemen kunci agar kebijakan moneter dapat ditempuh berdasarkan pertimbangan ekonomi yang objektif, bukan kepentingan jangka pendek. Dengan demikian, kekuatan keuangan dan independensi Bank Sentral bersama-sama membentuk fondasi kredibilitas Bank Sentral. Mengingat bahwa kekuatan keuangan dan independensi kelembagaan merupakan fondasi utama dalam pembentukan kredibilitas Bank Sentral, aspek tata kelola yang menopang elemen tersebut menjadi sama pentingnya. Dengan kata lain, kredibilitas tidak hanya bertumpu pada kapasitas institusi dalam merumuskan kebijakan yang efektif, tetapi juga pada cara Bank Sentral mempertanggungjawabkan penggunaan kewenangannya kepada publik sebagai perwujudan akuntabilitas. Akuntabilitas menjadi penting sebagai konsekuensi dari pemberian independensi kepada Bank Sentral, termasuk independensi finansialnya. Efisiensi Bank Sentral merupakan komponen krusial dari akuntabilitas karena menunjukkan seberapa efektif Bank Sentral tersebut memanfaatkan independensinya untuk mencapai tujuan kebijakan. Akuntabilitas tidak hanya menuntut transparansi dalam pengambilan keputusan, tetapi juga hasil yang terukur yang mencerminkan efisiensi operasional. Dalam kerangka tersebut, efisiensi menjadi indikator penting yang memastikan bahwa mandat kebijakan dijalankan secara optimal dan berorientasi pada nilai publik. Penelitian ini bertujuan pertama untuk menguji pengaruh kekuatan keuangan Bank Sentral dan guncangan eksternal global terhadap kredibilitas Bank Sentral yang ditunjukkan dengan deviasi inflasi (selisih antara target inflasi dengan inflasi aktual pada tahun yang sama), serta menilai peran independensi Bank Sentral dalam memperkuat pengaruh tersebut; kedua, untuk melihat kerangka efisiensi pada Bank Sentral dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi sehingga menghasilkan skor efisiensi yang dapat dibandingkan antara Bank Sentral; ketiga untuk menguji pengaruh efisiensi dan modal Bank Sentral terhadap kredibilitas Bank Sentral. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengisi kesenjangan literatur di mana masing-masing dimensi telah diteliti secara terpisah namun belum diintegrasikan dalam satu kerangka analitis yang komprehensif. Sampel data yang digunakan adalah 5 (lima) Bank Sentral di ASEAN, yaitu Bank Indonesia (BI), Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), Bank of Thailand (BoT), Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) dan Bank Sentral Philipina (BSP). Data yang akan digunakan mencakup data makroekonomi (World Bank, International Monetary Fund, CEIC), dan data keuangan Bank Sentral (Bank Focus dan halaman resmi Bank Sentral terkait). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan kombinasi pendekatan data panel dan Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kredibilitas Bank Sentral di Asia Tenggara sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi pasar global. Selain itu, kredibilitas juga ditentukan oleh dua faktor utama, yakni kekuatan keuangan Bank Sentral (CBFS) dan tingkat independensi. Kekuatan keuangan terbukti berdampak positif terhadap kredibilitas, sementara analisis yang menggunakan interaksi antara kekuatan keuangan dan independensi menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang kuat terhadap kredibilitas. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa reformasi kelembagaan yang memperkuat independensi perlu diiringi dengan kekuatan keuangan agar kredibilitas Bank Sentral tetap terjaga di tengah volatilitas global. Selanjutnya, penelitian juga menemukan bahwa faktor produksi Bank Sentral berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi, di mana pembesaran neraca dan pengelolaan cadangan termasuk cadangan emas berkorelasi positif dengan peningkatan biaya operasional. Inefisiensi biaya turut memengaruhi kredibilitas, meskipun pengaruhnya relatif kecil dibandingkan dengan faktor kelembagaan, khususnya independensi yang direpresentasikan oleh CBIE dan CBI, serta guncangan eksternal yang tercermin dari indeks VIX dan pergerakan nilai tukar. Secara konseptual, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa, kombinasi antara kekuatan keuangan, independensi kelembagaan, serta respons adaptif terhadap risiko global serta efisiensi operasional merupakan fondasi utama untuk menjaga kredibilitas Bank Sentral di negara berkembang, Dengan mengintegrasikan dimensi tersebut dalam satu kerangka analitis, penelitian ini memperkaya literatur kebijakan moneter bahwa kredibilitas Bank Sentral di negara berkembang tidak hanya ditentukan oleh konsistensi kerangka inflation targeting, tetapi juga oleh kekuatan keuangan, independensi, efisiensi dalam menghadapi tekanan global.
       
      Central banks are established under explicit legal and regulatory mandates that define their powers, objectives, and governance structures. Consequently, central banks have unique functions and roles responsible for monetary policy, financial stability, and the financial system. As a consequence of fulfilling its mandate, the Central Bank faces various financial risks, particularly as the previous economic crisis resulted in pressure and losses for many Central Banks. These losses not only impact balance sheets but also have the potential to raise political questions that could ultimately undermine the Central Bank's credibility. Therefore, strengthening the Central Bank's financial strength (CBFS) is considered crucial to maintaining public confidence in the Central Bank's ability to carry out its duties. In addition to these financial aspects, the independence of the Central Bank, namely its autonomy in decision-making without political interference, is a key element in ensuring that monetary policy is pursued based on objective economic considerations, rather than short-term interests. Thus, the financial strength and independence of the Central Bank together form the foundation of its credibility. Given that financial strength and institutional independence are the primary foundations for establishing a Central Bank's credibility, the governance aspects that underpin these elements are equally important. In other words, credibility rests not only on the institution's capacity to formulate effective policies, but also on how the Central Bank is accountable to the public for the use of its authority, demonstrating accountability. Accountability is crucial as a consequence of granting independence to the Central Bank, including its financial independence. Central Bank efficiency is a crucial component of accountability because it indicates how effectively the Central Bank utilizes its independence to achieve policy objectives. Accountability requires not only transparency in decision-making but also measurable results that reflect operational efficiency. Within this framework, efficiency is a crucial indicator that ensures that policy mandates are implemented optimally and oriented toward public value. This study aims firstly to examine the influence of Central Bank financial strength and global external shocks on Central Bank credibility as indicated by inflation deviation (the difference between the inflation target and actual inflation in the same year), and to assess the role of Central Bank independence in strengthening this influence; secondly, to examine the efficiency framework in Central Banks and the factors that influence efficiency so as to produce efficiency scores that can be compared between Central Banks; thirdly to examine the influence of Central Bank efficiency and capital on Central Bank credibility. This study is expected to fill the gap in the literature where each dimension has been studied separately but has not been integrated into a comprehensive analytical framework. The data sample used is five central banks in ASEAN: Bank Indonesia (BI), Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), Bank of Thailand (BoT), Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and Central Bank of the Philippines (BSP). The data used includes macroeconomic data (World Bank, International Monetary Fund, CEIC), and central bank financial data (Bank Focus and official websites of relevant central banks). This study employs a quantitative approach, combining panel data and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The research findings indicate that the credibility of Central Banks in Southeast Asia is significantly influenced by global market conditions. Furthermore, credibility is also determined by two main factors: Central Bank Financial Strength (CBFS) and the level of independence. Financial strength has been shown to have a positive impact on credibility, while an analysis using the interaction between financial strength and independence confirms a strong relationship between these factors. These findings emphasize that institutional reforms that strengthen independence must be accompanied by a strengthening of the financial position to maintain Central Bank credibility amidst global volatility. Furthermore, the research also found that Central Bank production factors influence efficiency, with balance sheet expansion and reserve management, including gold reserves, positively correlated with increased operational costs. Cost inefficiency also impacts credibility, although its influence is relatively small compared to institutional factors, particularly independence as represented by the CBIE and CBI, as well as external shocks reflected in the VIX index and exchange rate movements. Conceptually, this study confirms that the combination of financial strength, institutional independence, and adaptive response to global risks and operational efficiency are the main foundations for maintaining the credibility of Central Banks in developing countries. By integrating these dimensions in one analytical framework, this study enriches the monetary policy literature that the credibility of central banks in developing countries is not only determined by the consistency of the inflation targeting framework, but also by financial strength, independence, and efficiency in facing global pressures.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/172911
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