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      Nilai Ekonomi dan Kelembagaan Jasa Lingkungan untuk Wisata di Kepulauan Togean Sulawesi Tengah

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Finanda, Salsabila Yemima Mulia
      Ekayani, Meti
      Wijayanti, Pini
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      Abstract
      Kepulauan Togean merupakan kawasan konservasi laut dan destinasi wisata unggulan dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2021–2026. Kawasan ini memiliki potensi jasa lingkungan wisata yang tinggi, yang didukung oleh keanekaragaman hayati yang melimpah dan keindahan bentang alam. Namun, Kepulauan Togean saat ini mengalami tekanan ekologis berupa kerusakan lingkungan pada beberapa lokasi wisata populer. Di sisi lain, pemerintah dan pemangku kepentingan belum memiliki kajian komprehensif mengenai nilai ekonomi jasa lingkungan sebagai dasar perumusan kebijakan berbasis bukti. Selain itu, kelembagaan lokal masih menunjukkan keterbatasan, terutama dalam partisipasi masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, tesis ini mengkaji pengelolaan ekowisata berkelanjutan di Kepulauan Togean melalui analisis valuasi ekonomi jasa lingkungan dan penguatan kelembagaan sebagai dasar perumusan kebijakan konservasi yang efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk menilai nilai ekonomi jasa lingkungan wisata serta menganalisis kondisi kelembagaan ekowisata di Kepulauan Togean. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan rekomendasi kebijakan pengelolaan ekowisata yang berkelanjutan dan berbasis masyarakat. Secara khusus, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengestimasi nilai ekonomi jasa lingkungan wisata menggunakan metode Travel Cost Method (TCM); (2) memetakan kondisi serta peran kelembagaan lokal termasuk tingkat partisipasi masyarakat, dan (3) merumuskan strategi penguatan kelembagaan yang dapat meningkatkan keterlibatan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan wisata. Melalui pendekatan tersebut, penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan kontribusi praktis dan akademis dalam memperkuat tata kelola konservasi serta mengintegrasikan aspek ekologi dan ekonomi dalam pengembangan ekowisata berbasis masyarakat di Kepulauan Togean. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Kepulauan Togean menarik segmen pasar niche internasional dengan karakteristik demografis yang didominasi oleh wisatawan berusia produktif 26–55 tahun (82%), berpendidikan tinggi (88% berpendidikan S1 ke atas), serta memiliki komposisi gender yang relatif seimbang antara laki-laki (52%) dan perempuan (48%). Secara geografis, kunjungan wisatawan ke Kepulauan Togean didominasi oleh wisatawan asal Eropa (88%), dengan tiga negara asal utama yaitu Prancis (25%), Belanda (13%), dan Jerman (10%), yang mayoritas wisatawannya bekerja di sektor swasta dan pendidikan. Motivasi utama kunjungan wisatawan meliputi aktivitas rekreasi alam (74%) dan olahraga air (22%). Temuan ini menegaskan posisi Kepulauan Togean sebagai destinasi ekowisata eksklusif yang menawarkan pengalaman alam yang tenang dan autentik bagi segmen wisatawan terdidik yang cenderung menghindari pariwisata massal, sehingga kawasan ini memerlukan strategi pengelolaan berkelanjutan dan pemasaran yang tepat sasaran mempertahankan daya tarik jangka panjang. Penelitian ini mengestimasi nilai ekonomi jasa lingkungan wisata menggunakan Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM). Analisis regresi Poisson menunjukkan bahwa biaya perjalanan per hari dan jarak tempuh berpengaruh signifikan terhadap lama tinggal (length of stay) wisatawan. Berdasarkan hasil pemodelan tersebut, penelitian ini menghitung surplus konsumen rata-rata sebesar Rp30,32 juta per kunjungan. Dengan asumsi agregasi terhadap 190.070 kunjungan wisatawan pada tahun 2023, penelitian ini memperoleh estimasi nilai ekonomi jasa lingkungan sebesar Rp5,76 triliun per tahun. Nilai tersebut mencerminkan tingkat willingness to pay yang tinggi terhadap kelangkaan ekologis (ecological rarity) destinasi Kepulauan Togean. Namun demikian, estimasi tersebut berpotensi mengalami overestimated karena keterbatasan metodologis, antara lain penggunaan responden wisatawan pertama kali (first-time visitors) dan asumsi homogenitas perilaku kunjungan. Meskipun demikian, secara kuantitatif temuan ini tetap memberikan justifikasi ekonomi awal (prima facie evidence) yang kuat bagi perlindungan ekosistem sebagai fondasi keberlanjutan ekonomi pariwisata kawasan. Dari sisi kelembagaan, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pengelolaan wisata di Kepulauan Togean melibatkan lima aktor utama, yaitu Balai Taman Nasional Kepulauan Togean (BTNKT), Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan (Disparbud), Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa (DPMD), pemerintah desa, serta Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis). Meskipun peran masing-masing aktor telah teridentifikasi, evaluasi kelembagaan menunjukkan dua permasalahan utama, yakni distribusi manfaat ekonomi yang belum merata serta lemahnya penegakan regulasi dan sanksi di lapangan. Selain itu, transformasi kelembagaan dari Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA) menjadi BTNKT sejak tahun 2007 belum sepenuhnya disertai dengan penerapan pendekatan co management yang inklusif. Keterlibatan masyarakat lokal masih terbatas pada peran operasional, seperti pemandu wisata dan operator kapal, dan belum mencakup peran strategis dalam perencanaan. Padahal, keberlanjutan konservasi dan pariwisata bergantung pada integrasi kearifan lokal serta keterlibatan aktif masyarakat lokal dalam pengelolaan wisata. Dengan mengintegrasikan hasil estimasi nilai ekonomi dan evaluasi kapasitas kelembagaan, penelitian ini merumuskan strategi penguatan kelembagaan berbasis masyarakat yang berfokus pada dua isu utama, yaitu belum meratanya distribusi manfaat ekonomi dan lemahnya penegakan sanksi akibat keterbatasan kewenangan formal di tingkat desa. Rekomendasi yang diusulkan meliputi legalisasi Pokdarwis melalui Peraturan Desa, pembentukan forum multipihak yang melibatkan BTNKT, DISPARBUD, DPMD, pemerintah desa, pelaku usaha, dan masyarakat, serta penguatan mekanisme distribusi manfaat melalui peran BUMDes. Strategi ini didukung oleh perancangan skema tata kelola yang menghubungkan seluruh aktor dalam satu mekanisme koordinasi guna memperkuat pengawasan berbasis komunitas, menjaga konsistensi kolaborasi antarlembaga, dan memperluas akses masyarakat terhadap manfaat ekonomi. Dengan pendekatan ini, masyarakat berperan sebagai support system aktif dalam kegiatan ekowisata, sehingga pengelolaan ekowisata Kepulauan Togean dapat berjalan lebih adil dan berkelanjutan.
       
      The Togean Islands are a marine conservation area and a leading tourist destination in the 2021–2026 Regional Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of Central Sulawesi Province. This area has high potential for tourism environmental services, supported by abundant biodiversity and beautiful landscapes. However, the Togean Islands are currently experiencing ecological pressure in the form of environmental damage at several popular tourist sites. On the other hand, the government and stakeholders do not yet have a comprehensive study on the economic value of environmental services as a basis for evidence-based policy formulation. Additionally, local institutions still show limitations, particularly in community participation. Therefore, this thesis examines sustainable ecotourism management in the Togean Islands through an analysis of the economic valuation of environmental services and institutional strengthening as a basis for formulating effective conservation policies. This research uses quantitative and qualitative approaches to assess the economic value of tourism environmental services and analyze the institutional conditions of ecotourism in the Togean Islands. This research aims to produce recommendations for sustainable ecotourism management policies based on the community. Specifically, this study aims to: (1) estimate the economic value of tourism environmental services using the Travel Cost Method (TCM); (2) map the conditions and roles of local institutions, including the level of community participation; and (3) formulate institutional strengthening strategies that can increase community involvement in tourism management. Using this approach, this study is expected to provide practical and academic contributions to strengthening conservation governance and integrating ecological and economic aspects in the development and management of community based ecotourism in the Togean Islands. Based on the research results, the Togean Islands attract an international niche market segment with demographic characteristics dominated by productive-aged tourists aged 26–55 years (82%), highly educated (88% with a bachelor's degree or higher), and a relatively balanced gender composition between men (52%) and women (48%). Geographically, tourist visits to the Togean Islands are dominated by tourists from Europe (88%), with the three main countries of origin being France (25%), the Netherlands (13%), and Germany (10%), the majority of whose tourists work in the private and education sectors. The main motivations for tourist visits include nature recreation (74%) and water sports (22%). These findings confirm the Togean Islands position as an exclusive ecotourism destination that offers a peaceful and authentic nature experience for educated tourists who tend to avoid mass tourism. Therefore, this region requires sustainable management strategies and targeted marketing to maintain its long term appeal. This analysis estimates the economic value of tourism environmental services using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM). Poisson regression analysis indicates that daily travel costs and distance traveled significantly influence the length of stay of tourists. Based on the modeling results, this study calculates an average consumer surplus of IDR 30,32 million per visit. Assuming an aggregation of 190.070 tourist visits in 2023, this study obtained an estimated economic value of environmental services of IDR 5,76 trillion per year. This value reflects a high willingness to pay for the ecological rarity of the Togean Islands destination. This estimate, however, is potentially overestimated due to methodological limitations, including the use of first-time visitors as respondents and the assumption of homogeneity in visitation behavior. Nevertheless, quantitatively, these findings still provide strong prima facie evidence for the economic justification of ecosystem protection as the foundation for sustainable tourism in the region. From an institutional side, this research found that tourism management in the Togean Islands involves five main actors, namely the Togean Islands National Park Office (BTNKT), the Tourism and Culture Office (Disparbud), the Community and Village Empowerment Office (DPMD), the village government, and the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis). Although the roles of each actor have been identified, institutional evaluation reveals two main problems, namely the uneven distribution of economic benefits and the weak enforcement of regulations and sanctions in the field. In addition, the institutional transformation from the Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) to BTNKT since 2007 has not been fully accompanied by the implementation of an inclusive co management approach. The participation of the local community is still limited to operational roles, such as tour guides and boat operators, and does not yet include strategic roles in planning. In fact, the sustainability of conservation and tourism depends on the integration of local wisdom and the active involvement of the local community in tourism management. By integrating the results of economic value estimates and institutional capacity assessments, this study formulates community-based institutional strengthening strategies that focus on the uneven distribution of economic benefits and weak enforcement of sanctions due to limited formal authority at the village level. The proposed recommendations include legalizing Pokdarwis through Village Regulations, establishing a multi-stakeholder forum involving BTNKT, DISPARBUD, DPMD, village governments, business actors, and the community, as well as strengthening benefit distribution mechanisms through the role of BUMDes. This strategy is supported by the design of a governance scheme that connects all actors in a single coordination mechanism to strengthen community-based oversight, maintain consistency in inter-agency collaboration, and expand community access to economic benefits. With this approach, the community acts as an active support system in ecotourism activities, so that the management of ecotourism in the Togean Islands can be more equitable and sustainable.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/172600
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      • MT - Economic and Management [3229]

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