Dampak Contract Farming Terhadap Keberlanjutan Usahatani Padi Organik

Abstract

Sektor pertanian Indonesia masih didominasi oleh petani skala kecil yang menghadapi berbagai kendala seperti keterbatasan akses terhadap modal, informasi, teknologi, dan pasar. Kondisi ini berkontribusi terhadap rendahnya efisiensi produksi serta tantangan dalam mewujudkan keberlanjutan pertanian, terutama di tengah meningkatnya tekanan lingkungan dan perubahan iklim. Salah satu pendekatan yang mulai dikembangkan untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut adalah sistem contract farming, yaitu kerja sama antara petani dan perusahaan yang bertujuan untuk memberikan jaminan pasar, dukungan teknis, dan akses terhadap input produksi. Contract farming dinilai memiliki potensi untuk mendorong praktik budidaya padi yang lebih ramah lingkungan, sekaligus meningkatkan pendapatan dan efisiensi usaha tani. Namun, implementasi sistem ini juga menghadapi berbagai tantangan, termasuk perilaku oportunistik, ketimpangan relasi antara petani dan perusahaan, serta kurang optimalnya dukungan kelembagaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan petani mengikuti contract farming dan dampak kerjasama contract farming terhadap keberlanjutan usahatani padi dari aspek ekonomi, lingkungan, dan sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dari 274 petani padi di Kecamatan Ciparay, Kabupaten Bandung, yang terdiri atas 27 petani padi organik dengan metode sensus dan 247 petani padi non organik dengan teknik multistage random sampling. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah anggota rumah tangga dan adanya pelatihan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keikutsertaan petani dalam contract farming. Selain itu, kerjasama contract farming terbukti memberikan dampak positif terhadap keberlanjutan usahatani. Dari aspek ekonomi, contract farming meningkatkan jumlah produksi, produktivitas, penerimaan total, pendapatan, harga Gabah Kering Panen (GKP), serta share of production sold. Dari aspek lingkungan, terlihat peningkatan pada rasio penggunaan pupuk organik, adopsi teknologi hijau, dan pengendalian hama secara ramah lingkungan. Sementara dari aspek sosial, contract farming meningkatkan akses terhadap pelatihan dan memperpanjang masa keanggotaan petani dalam kelompok tani. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa contract farming dapat menjadi instrument yang efektif dalam mendorong keberlanjutan usahatani padi apabila didukung oleh kebijakan dan kelembagaan yang memadai.

The agricultural sector in Indonesia is still dominated by small-scale farmers who face various challenges such as limited access to capital, information, technology, and markets. This condition contributes to low production efficiency and challenges in achieving agricultural sustainability, especially amid increasing environmental pressures and climate change. One approach that has started to be developed to address these challenges is the contract farming system, which is a partnership between farmers and companies aimed at providing market guarantees, technical support, and access to production inputs. Contract farming is seen as having the potential to encourage more environmentally friendly rice farming practices, while also increasing income and farm efficiency. However, the implementation of this system also faces several challenges, including opportunistic behavior, unequal relationships between farmers and companies, and suboptimal institutional support. The objective of this research is to identify the factors influencing farmers' decisions to participate in contract farming and to assess the impact of contract farming cooperation on the sustainability of rice farming from economic, environmental, and social aspects. This study uses primary data obtained from 274 rice farmers in Ciparay District, Bandung Regency, consisting of 27 organic rice farmers through census method and 247 non-organic rice farmers using multistage random sampling technique. The analytical method used is Propensity Score Matching (PSM). The results of the study show that household size and participation in training have a significant impact on farmers' participation in contract farming. Furthermore, contract farming cooperation has been proven to have a positive impact on the sustainability of farming. From an economic aspect, contract farming increases production quantity, productivity, total income, revenue, Dry Harvested Grain (GKP) prices, and the share of production sold. From an environmental aspect, there is an improvement in the ratio of organic fertilizer use, the adoption of green technologies, and environmentally friendly pest control. From a social aspect, contract farming enhances access to training and extends the duration of farmers' membership in farmer groups. These findings suggest that contract farming can be an effective instrument in promoting the sustainability of rice farming when supported by adequate policies and institutions.