Komunikasi Untuk Mekanisme Adaptif Pengembangan Wirausaha Mikro Penyandang Disabilitas Daksa

Abstract

Penyandang disabilitas tidak berbeda substansial dengan kelompok non disabilitas dalam hal interaksi sosial dan aktivitas ekonomi sehari-hari, namun keterbatasan akses ke lapangan kerja menyebabkan mereka terpinggirkan secara struktural. Stigma negatif dan diskriminasi menjadi kendala utama dalam memperoleh pekerjaan, meskipun penyandang disabilitas memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perekonomian. Penyebab utama pilihan berwirausaha di kalangan penyandang disabilitas tidak hanya didorong motif ekonomi, tetapi juga oleh fleksibilitas dalam menentukan nasib sendiri, keinginan menghindari diskriminasi, peluang pengembangan diri, dan aspirasi berkontribusi lebih besar terhadap masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mendeskripsikan komunikasi resiliensi sebagai mekanisme adaptif di kalangan pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa, (2) menganalisis tantangan yang dihadapi pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa, dan (3) menganalisis kinerja pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa serta pengaruh faktor komunikasi terhadap kinerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma post positivistik dengan pendekatan campuran, yaitu kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), dan didukung pendekatan kualitatif melalui studi kasus dengan analisis data menggunakan Nvivo. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan melalui depth-interview dan diskusi kelompok, sedangkan data sekunder berasal dari jurnal, artikel ilmiah, dan buku. Teknik sampling berupa sensus berdasarkan data komunitas dengan sampling insidental untuk kasus-kasus yang memenuhi kriteria. Jumlah responden adalah sebanyak 224 pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa. Dari sisi kebaruan, penelitian ini menunjukkan belum ditemukan studi yang secara komprehensif membahas sintesis tantangan, resiliensi, mekanisme adaptif, dan kinerja penyandang disabilitas dalam konteks komunikasi. Penelitian ini juga mengintegrasikan Model Challenges Adaptive Mechanisms Results (CARE) dari Hsieh, Molina, dan Weng dengan kerangka Communication Theory of Resilience (CTR) dari Betts dan Buzzanell untuk menegaskan peran komunikasi dalam mekanisme adaptif. Lokasi penelitian berada di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dipilih karena memiliki proporsi penyandang disabilitas dewasa yang relatif tinggi di Pulau Jawa. Unit analisisnya adalah pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa yang menjalankan usaha di lima wilayah, yaitu Bantul, Sleman, Kulon Progo, Gunungkidul, dan Kota Yogyakarta, yang telah menjalankan usaha minimal 3 tahun. Analisis kuantitatif menegaskan bahwa komunikasi resiliensi secara signifikan meningkatkan kapasitas adaptif dan kinerja kewirausahaan di antara pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa. Faktor-faktor utama meliputi dukungan sosial, atribut pribadi seperti rasa percaya diri dan pendidikan, serta bantuan pemerintah. Tipologi pengusaha yang berbeda menekankan perlunya kebijakan yang disesuaikan dan inklusif untuk mengatasi hambatan serta mendukung keberhasilan yang berkelanjutan. Sementara untuk temuan kualitatif, mengonfirmasi bahwa komunikasi resiliensi diwujudkan melalui interaksi pelaku dengan sistem dukungan sekitar, meliputi: (a) dukungan sosial dari keluarga dan komunitas disabilitas; (b) faktor personal dan intelektual, termasuk self-esteem dan tingkat pendidikan; serta (c) dukungan pemerintah berupa bantuan langsung dan pelatihan pengembangan kompetensi. Pelaku wirausaha disabilitas daksa menghadapi berbagai tantangan kompleks mulai dari diskriminasi sosial, regulasi yang belum sepenuhnya berpihak pada penyandang disabilitas, keterbatasan akses mobilitas, hingga kebutuhan manajemen finansial dan kemitraan yang efektif. Dalam menghadapi tantangan tersebut, mereka mengadopsi berbagai strategi adaptif, seperti rebranding produk, peningkatan reputasi, diversifikasi usaha, pemanfaatan pemasaran digital, serta likuidasi aset dalam situasi darurat. Strategi-strategi ini mencerminkan upaya berkelanjutan untuk mempertahankan dan mengembangkan usaha di tengah hambatan struktural dan kultural.

People with disabilities are not substantially different from non-disabled groups in terms of social interaction and daily economic activities, but limited access to employment causes them to be structurally marginalized. Negative stigma and discrimination are major obstacles to obtaining employment, even though people with disabilities make a significant contribution to the economy. The main reasons for choosing entrepreneurship among persons with disabilities are not only economic motives, but also the flexibility to determine their own destiny, the desire to avoid discrimination, opportunities for self-development, and aspirations to contribute more to society. The objectives of this study are: (1) to describe resilience communication as an adaptive mechanism among entrepreneurs with physical disabilities, (2) to analyze the challenges faced by entrepreneurs with physical disabilities, and (3) to analyze the performance of entrepreneurs with physical disabilities and the influence of communication factors on performance. This study uses a post positivistic paradigm with a mixed approach: quantitative using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, and supported by a qualitative approach through case studies with data analysis using Nvivo. Primary data collection was conducted through depth interviews and group discussions, while secondary data came from journals, scientific articles, and books. The sampling technique was a census based on community data with incidental sampling for cases that met the criteria. The number of respondents was 224 entrepreneurs with physical disabilities. In terms of novelty, this study shows that no study has been found that comprehensively discusses the synthesis of challenges, resilience, adaptive mechanisms, and the performance of persons with disabilities in the context of communication. This study also integrates the Challenges Adaptive Mechanisms Results (CARE) Model from Hsieh, Molina, and Weng with the Communication Theory of Resilience (CTR) framework from Betts and Buzzanell to emphasize the role of communication in adaptive mechanisms. The research location is in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, chosen because it has a relatively high proportion of adults with disabilities on the island of Java. The unit of analysis was entrepreneurs with physical disabilities who run businesses in five regions, namely Bantul, Sleman, Kulon Progo, Gunungkidul, and the city of Yogyakarta, who have been running a business for at least 3 years. Quantitative analysis confirms that resilience communication significantly enhances adaptive capacity and entrepreneurial performance among entrepreneurs with physical disabilities. Key factors include social support, personal attributes such as self-confidence and education, as well as government assistance. Different types of entrepreneurs underscore the need for tailored and inclusive policies to overcome barriers and support sustainable success. Regarding qualitative findings, it is confirmed that resilience communication is realized through the entrepreneurs’ interactions with surrounding support systems, including: (a) social support from family and the disability community; (b) personal and intellectual factors, including self-esteem and educational attainment; as well as (c) government support in the form of direct assistance and competency development training. Entrepreneurs with physical disabilities face a range of complex challenges, including social discrimination, regulations that are not yet fully supportive of persons with disabilities, limited mobility access, and the need for effective financial management and partnerships. In responding to these challenges, they adopt various adaptive strategies, such as product rebranding, enhancing reputation, business diversification, leveraging digital marketing, and asset liquidation in emergency situations. These strategies reflect a sustained effort to maintain and develop businesses amid structural and cultural barriers.