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      Pendekatan Integratif Morfologi dan Molekuler untuk Identifikasi dan Analisis Filogenetik Kelomang Famili Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, dan Paguridae

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Auliaputri, Tazkiah
      Farajallah, Achmad
      Mashar, Ali
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      Abstract
      Tingginya keanekaragaman kelomang (Paguroidea) di perairan Indonesia hingga saat ini belum sepenuhnya teridentifikasi secara akurat. Identifikasi yang mengandalkan karakter morfologi sering kali terkendala oleh variasi fenotipik yang tinggi dan tumpang tindihnya karakter antarspecies. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan integratif antara morfologi dan DNA barcoding diperlukan untuk konfirmasi taksonomi yang lebih andal, serta untuk memahami hubungan kekerabatan dan pola diversitas genetiknya, khususnya di wilayah pesisir seperti Kepulauan Seribu, Banten, dan Jawa Barat yang menjadi lokasi kajian. Metode penelitian mencakup koleksi sampel dari zona intertidal, diikuti dengan analisis morfologi mendetail terhadap karakter diagnostik seperti bentuk rostrum, proporsi capit, dan struktur pereopod. Pendekatan molekuler dilakukan dengan amplifikasi dan sekuensing tiga penanda gen, yaitu Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI), 16S rRNA, dan 28S rRNA. Hubungan kekerabatan dan jarak genetik direkonstruksi menggunakan metode Maximum Likelihood dan model Kimura-2-Parameter. Sebuah reanalisis filogeni berskala besar juga dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data sekuen publik dari GenBank untuk menilai stabilitas klad dalam famili Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, dan Paguridae. Hasil penelitian mengonfirmasi identitas 16 spesies kelomang. Sebagian besar spesies, seperti Dardanus lagopodes dan Calcinus morgani, menunjukkan kecocokan genetik yang sangat tinggi (=99%) dengan referensi database. Namun, dua spesimen, yaitu Pagurus cf. hirtimanus dan Aniculus cf. erythraeus, menunjukkan kemiripan sekuen COI yang rendah (<90%) dengan spesies acuan, mengindikasikan potensi divergensi genetik atau populasi yang terisolasi secara geografis. Analisis jarak genetik menunjukkan "barcode gap" yang jelas, dengan jarak intraspesies 0-2.6% dan interspesies >14%, sesuai dengan standar barcoding untuk Crustacea. Pohon filogeni mengungkapkan bahwa penanda gen 16S dan 28S rRNA memberikan stabilitas klad yang lebih baik pada tingkat famili dibandingkan dengan COI, terutama dalam mengelompokkan genus di dalam Diogenidae dan Paguridae. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pendekatan integratif morfologi-molekuler sangat penting untuk identifikasi kelomang yang akurat, khususnya pada kelompok dengan variasi morfologi tinggi. Temuan adanya perbedaan genetik yang signifikan pada P. cf. hirtimanus dan A. cf. erythraeus menyoroti kemungkinan keberadaan keragaman kriptik yang memerlukan penjelasan lebih lanjut. Sebagai saran, penelitian lanjutan diperlukan dengan menambah cakupan sampel geografis, serta melakukan analisis morfometrik yang lebih rinci untuk mengonfirmasi status taksonomi dan memahami mekanisme spesiasi serta pola biogeografi kelomang di Indonesia.
       
      The high diversity of hermit crabs (Paguroidea) in Indonesian waters has not been fully accurately identified. Species identification relying solely on morphological characters is often hindered by high phenotypic variation and overlapping characteristics between species. Therefore, an integrative approach combining morphology and DNA barcoding is necessary for more reliable taxonomic confirmation, as well as for understanding phylogenetic relationships and patterns of genetic diversity, particularly in coastal areas such as the Thousand Islands, Banten, and West Java, which served as the study locations. The research methods included specimen collection from the intertidal zone, followed by detailed morphological analysis of diagnostic characters such as rostrum shape, chela proportions, and pereopod structure. The molecular approach was conducted through the amplification and sequencing of three gene markers: Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI), 16S rRNA, and 28S rRNA. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances were reconstructed using the Maximum Likelihood method and the Kimura-2-Parameter model. A large-scale phylogenetic reanalysis was also performed by compiling public sequence data from GenBank to assess clade stability within the families Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, and Paguridae. The results confirmed the identity of 16 hermit crab species. Most species, such as Dardanus lagopodes and Calcinus morgani, showed very high genetic similarity (=99%) with database references. However, two specimens, Pagurus cf. hirtimanus and Aniculus cf. erythraeus, exhibited low COI sequence similarity (<90%) with reference species, indicating potential genetic divergence or geographically isolated populations. Genetic distance analysis revealed a clear "barcode gap," with intraspecific distances of 0-2.6% and interspecific distances >14%, consistent with the standard barcoding threshold for Crustacea. Phylogenetic trees indicated that the 16S and 28S rRNA gene markers provided better clade stability at the family level compared to COI, particularly in grouping genera within Diogenidae and Paguridae. This study confirms that an integrative morphology-molecular approach is crucial for the accurate identification of hermit crabs, especially in groups with high morphological variation. The finding of significant genetic differences in P. cf. hirtimanus and A. cf. erythraeus highlights the potential existence of cryptic diversity requiring further investigation. As a recommendation, further research is needed by expanding geographical sampling coverage and conducting more detailed morphometric analysis to confirm taxonomic status and understand speciation mechanisms and biogeographic patterns of hermit crabs in Indonesia.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/172049
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      • MT - Mathematics and Natural Science [4143]

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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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