Distribusi Keanekaragaman Kumbang pada Empat Ragam Tata Guna Lahan di Provinsi Jambi

Abstract

Konversi hutan menjadi areal perkebunan monokultur seperti kelapa sawit dan karet telah menyebabkan penurunan populasi flora dan fauna yang cukup tinggi di kawasan hutan hujan tropis dataran rendah, termasuk kumbang. Kumbang merupakan salah satu kelompok serangga yang dapat ditemukan di berbagai habitat, seperti hutan hujan tropis, termasuk kanopi, lapisan bawah, dan permukaan tanah, serta memiliki banyak peran seperti fitofag, predator, mikofag dan saprofag. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh transformasi hutan hujan dataran rendah menjadi areal perkebunan monokultur terhadap keanekaragaman dan komposisi kumbang yang ditemukan di permukaan tanah. Sampel dikumpulkan menggunakan metode winkler litter extraction, di dalam dan sekitar Hutan Harapan dan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas di Provinsi Jambi, Sumatra. Metode dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan daun-daun yang gugur di empat jenis penggunaan lahan yang berbeda, termasuk hutan, semak belukar, perkebunan karet, dan perkebunan kelapa sawit, dengan total 124 plot. Total 6.106 individu kumbang diidentifikasi, termasuk 47 famili dan 365 morfospesies. Struktur lanskap mempengaruhi keragaman kumbang pada tingkat famili di Provinsi Jambi. Kekayaan dan keragaman keluarga kumbang tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan di antara empat jenis penggunaan lahan. Namun, hal ini memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap komposisi kumbang. Hasil analisis PERMANOVA dan NMDS berdasarkan indeks Bray–Curtis menunjukkan bahwa komposisi kumbang berbeda secara signifikan antara lanskap. Konversi lahan hutan menjadi perkebunan monokultur mengubah komposisi kumbang yang tinggal di sana, dengan beberapa keluarga kumbang tergeser dan digantikan oleh keluarga kumbang yang lebih adaptif.

Rainforest conversion into monoculture plantations of oil palm and rubber has caused a high decline in the population of flora and fauna, including insects in tropical regions. Beetles are a group of insects that inhabit various habitats, such as forests, agricultural areas, grasslands, and settlements. They can be found on canopy trees, understory, and soil surface, and have diverse roles in ecosystems, including herbivores, predators, scavengers, and decomposers. The objective of this study is to analyze the diversity and distribution of beetle communities in the landscape structure of Jambi Province based on four different types of land use. Samples were collected using winkler litter extraction, within and surrounding Hutan Harapan and Bukit Duabelas National Park in Jambi Province, Sumatra. The litter colection method was carried out by collecting leaf litter across four different land-use types, including forest, shrubland, rubber plantation, and oil palm plantation, with a total of 124 plots. A total of 6106 beetle individuals were identified, including 47 families and 365 morphospecies. Landscape structure influences beetle diversity at the family level in Jambi Province. The abundance and richness of beetle families did not differ significantly across the four land use types. However, it had a significant effect on the composition of beetle families. The results of PERMANOVA and NMDS analyses based on the Bray–Curtis index confirm that beetle composition differs significantly between landscapes. The conversion of forest land to monoculture plantations changed the composition of resident beetles, with some families being displaced and replaced by more adaptable families.