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dc.contributor.advisorMardiastuti, Ani
dc.contributor.advisorMulyani, Yeni Aryati
dc.contributor.authorMuhammad, Hammam As-shidqi
dc.date.accessioned2025-12-17T08:51:30Z
dc.date.available2025-12-17T08:51:30Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.identifier.urihttp://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171732
dc.description.abstractDaerah tepi merupakan batas antara dua ekosistem yang sering dikaitkan dengan meningkatnya jumlah spesies dan individu akibat efek tepi, yakni perubahan struktur komunitas, kepadatan populasi, atau kondisi lingkungan di sekitar batas habitat. Namun, tidak semua daerah tepi memperlihatkan peningkatan keanekaragaman karena respons bergantung pada karakteristik habitat dan spesies. Burung, dengan mobilitas tinggi, peran ekologi beragam, dan sensitivitas terhadap perubahan lingkungan, menjadi indikator yang baik dalam studi ekologi lanskap. Responsnya terhadap tepi dapat bervariasi antar kelompok, bergantung pada tingkat spesialisasi dan kebutuhan ekologisnya. Hutan tanaman umumnya memiliki keanekaragaman lebih rendah daripada hutan alam, namun fragmentasi dan keberadaan tepi justru berpeluang meningkatkan keragaman spesies. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) merupakan jenis yang banyak dibudidayakan karena pertumbuhan cepat, adaptif, dan bernilai ekonomi, sekaligus memiliki potensi ekologi sebagai penyedia pakan, tempat bertengger, dan sarang burung. Meskipun pemanfaatan sengon oleh burung telah dilaporkan, kajian komunitas burung di hutan sengon masih jarang dilakukan. Penelitian tentang efek tepi terhadap komunitas burung di Indonesia juga masih terbatas dan lebih banyak pada habitat lain, seperti kebun kelapa, kebun teh, atau agroforestri kopi. Kajian khusus mengenai efek tepi pada hutan sengon hampir belum tersedia, padahal jenis ini tersebar luas dan berpotensi mendukung kelestarian burung. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini penting untuk memahami respons komunitas burung terhadap daerah tepi di hutan sengon, sekaligus memberikan kontribusi bagi pengelolaan hutan tanaman yang menyeimbangkan fungsi ekonomi dan ekologi. Penelitian ini merupakan studi pertama yang secara khusus menganalisis respons komunitas burung terhadap efek tepi pada hutan sengon di Indonesia. Penelitian dilaksanakan bertepatan saat musim kemarau pada bulan Mei–Juli 2024 di petak 9A, RPH Jatirejo, KPH Kediri, yang berbatasan dengan beragam tipe habitat seperti kebun nanas dan agroforestri. Metode yang digunakan meliputi survei karakteristik habitat melalui belt transect, pengamatan komunitas burung dengan titik hitung, serta analisis statistik dan deskriptif menggunakan uji t-test, PERMANOVA, indeks keragaman jenis, kekayaan jenis, estimasi kekayaan jenis maksimum, kemerataan jenis, kesamaan komunitas, dan dominansi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total 30 spesies burung dari 20 famili teramati di lokasi penelitian. Interior sengon memiliki jumlah spesies tertinggi (26 spesies) dibandingkan kedua habitat tepi yang masing-masing 22 spesies. Nilai indeks keragaman jenis, kekayaan jenis, estimasi kekayaan jenis maksimum, dan kemerataan jenis di interior sengon juga merupakan yang tertinggi. Namun demikian, kelimpahan individu tertinggi justru tercatat di tepi agroforestri (81,22 individu/jam), diikuti tepi kebun nanas (79,67 individu/jam), dan terendah di interior sengon (75,27 individu/jam). Uji-t menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan keragaman jenis burung yang signifikan antar ketiga tipe habitat (|t-hitung| < t-tabel; 1,98). Interior Sengon dan Tepi Kebun Nanas memiliki perbedaan terbesar (t = 1,6751), sedangkan perbedaan terkecil antara interior sengon dan tepi agroforestri (t = 0,7554). Hasil tersebut sejalan dengan nilai kesamaan komunitas yang menunjukkan bahwa interior sengon dan tepi agroforestri memiliki nilai tertinggi (0,79), sedangkan tepi kebun nanas dengan interior sengon memiliki kesamaan komunitas terendah (0,66). Sebanyak 16 spesies tergolong generalis, delapan spesies tergolong semi-generalis, dan enam spesies spesialis. Tepi kebun nanas menjadi habitat utama bagi spesies terbanyak (12 spesies), diikuti tepi agroforestri (10 spesies), dan interior sengon (sembilan spesies). PERMANOVA menunjukkan bahwa komposisi guild pakan berbeda signifikan antartipe habitat, sedangkan pola penggunaan ruang, waktu, dan aktivitas tidak berbeda nyata. Guild Arboreal Insectivore mendominasi tepi agroforestri, Aerial Insectivore mendominasi tepi kebun nanas, sedangkan interior sengon didominasi kedua guild tersebut secara seimbang. Tajuk pohon (strata I) merupakan ruang yang paling banyak digunakan oleh burung di seluruh tipe habitat, sedangkan penggunaan batang pohon (strata II) merupakan yang terendah di seluruh tipe habitat. Pola penggunaan waktu menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan burung paling tinggi terjadi pada siang hari di interior sengon dan tepi agroforestri, sedangkan di tepi kebun nanas paling tinggi pada pagi hari. Aktivitas makan merupakan aktivitas paling dominan di seluruh tipe habitat dan waktu pengamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa daerah tepi dapat mendukung kelimpahan burung yang relatif tinggi, namun dengan keragaman spesies yang lebih rendah dibandingkan interior. Selain itu, struktur komunitas burung lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan sumber daya berupa pakan dibandingkan dimensi spasial atau temporal. Implikasi temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa hutan tanaman tidak hanya berperan sebagai penghasil kayu, namun juga sebagai habitat yang mendukung kelestarian burung, terutama jika pengelolaannya memperhatikan kualitas dan heterogenitas vegetasi di daerah tepi.
dc.description.abstractEdge areas represent boundaries between two ecosystems and are often associated with increased species richness and abundance due to edge effects, namely changes in community structure, population density, or environmental conditions near habitat boundaries. However, not all edges exhibit elevated biodiversity, as responses depend on habitat characteristics and species-specific traits. Birds, with their high mobility, diverse ecological roles, and sensitivity to environmental change, serve as effective indicators in landscape ecology studies. Their responses to edges vary among groups, depending on their level of specialization and ecological requirements. Planted forests generally support lower biodiversity than natural forests, yet fragmentation and the presence of edges may increase species richness. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) is widely cultivated for its rapid growth, adaptability, and economic value, while also providing ecological functions such as food resources, perches, and nesting sites for birds. Although there are reports of sengon being utilized by birds, studies focusing on bird communities within sengon stands remain scarce. Study on edge effects on bird communities in Indonesia is also limited and has mostly been conducted in other habitats such as coconut plantations, tea plantations, or coffee-based agroforestry systems. Specific studies on edge effects in sengon forests are nearly absent, despite the species’ wide distribution and potential role in supporting bird conservation. Therefore, this research is essential for understanding how bird communities respond to edge habitats in sengon forests and for informing plantation management strategies that balance economic and ecological objectives. This study represents the first investigation specifically analyzing the responses of bird communities to edge effects in sengon forests in Indonesia. This study was conducted from May to July 2024 in Plot 9A, Jatirejo Forest Section, Kediri Forest District, which borders diverse habitat types such as pineapple fields and agroforestry. Methods included habitat characterization using belt transects, bird community surveys using point counts, and statistical and descriptive analyses, including t-test, PERMANOVA, species diversity index, species richness, maximum estimated richness, evenness, community similarity, and dominance. A total of 30 bird species from 20 families were recorded. The sengon interior contained the highest number of species (26) compared to both edge habitats (22 each). Diversity indices, richness, maximum estimated richness, and evenness were also highest in the interior. However, individual abundance was greatest at the agroforestry edge (81.22 individuals/hour), followed by the pineapple edge (79.67 individuals/hour), and lowest in the interior (75.27 individuals/hour). The t-test results indicated no significant differences in bird species diversity among the three habitat types (|t-value| < t-table; 1.98). The greatest difference in H' was observed between the interior sengon and pineapple edge habitats (t = 1.6751), while the smallest difference occurred between the interior sengon and agroforestry edge (t = 0.7554). These results are consistent with the community similarity values, which showed the highest similarity between the interior sengon and agroforestry edge habitats (0.79), and the lowest similarity between the interior sengon and pineapple edge habitats (0.66). Of the recorded species, 16 were generalists, eight semi-generalists, and six specialists. The pineapple edge supported the highest number of key species (12), followed by the agroforestry edge (10), and the sengon interior (nine). PERMANOVA results indicated that feeding guild composition differed significantly among habitats, whereas patterns of space, time, and activity use did not. Arboreal insectivores dominated the agroforestry edge, aerial insectivores dominated the pineapple edge, while both guilds were equally represented in the sengon interior. Across all habitats, the canopy (stratum I) was the most frequently used space, whereas tree trunks (stratum II) were the least used. Temporal patterns showed peak bird abundance at midday in the sengon interior and agroforestry edge, but in the pineapple edge it peaked in the morning. Feeding was the most dominant activity across all habitats and observation periods. These findings demonstrate that edge habitats can support relatively high bird abundance, albeit with lower species richness than interior habitats. Furthermore, bird community structure was influenced more strongly by resource availability, particularly food, than by spatial or temporal dimensions. These results highlight that plantation forests serve not only as timber-producing systems but also as habitats capable of supporting bird conservation, especially when management practices enhance vegetation quality and heterogeneity in edge areas.
dc.description.sponsorshipSinergi
dc.language.isoid
dc.publisherIPB Universityid
dc.titleRespons Komunitas Burung terhadap Daerah Tepi pada Hutan Tanaman Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) di KPH Kediriid
dc.title.alternativeBird Community Response to Edge Areas in Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) Plantation Forest in KPH Kediri
dc.typeTesis
dc.subject.keywordBirdsid
dc.subject.keywordecotoneid
dc.subject.keywordedge effectsid
dc.subject.keywordHabitatid
dc.subject.keywordsengon plantationid


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