Rancangan Pegembangan Agroforestri Kompleks Berbasis Aren di Zona Rehabilitasi SPTN II Ambulu, Taman Nasional Meru Betiri

Abstract

HEKMATYAR AULIA AYUBA. Rancangan Pengembangan Agroforestri Kompleks Berbasis Aren di Zona Rehabilitasi SPTN II Ambulu, Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. Dibimbing oleh ERVIZAL A. M. ZUHUD dan AGUS HIKMAT.

Taman Nasional Meru Betiri menghadapi tekanan berupa perambahan dan penebangan liar yang berdampak serius terhadap degradasi tanah, erosi, dan penurunan keanekaragaman hayati. Sebagai upaya pemulihan, zona rehabilitasi dikembangkan untuk mengembalikan fungsi ekologis kawasan. Salah satu pendekatan yang digunakan adalah sistem agroforestri. Namun, implementasi agroforestri di zona ini masih belum optimal, karena dominasi tanaman sela seperti Pueraria javanica lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanaman pokok. Keberadaan tanaman hutan asli pun masih terbatas. Salah satu spesies potensial yang direkomendasikan untuk dikembangkan adalah aren (Arenga pinnata Merr.), yang merupakan tanaman asli kawasan dan memiliki manfaat ekologi serta nilai ekonomi tinggi. Aren juga telah terbukti tumbuh alami di kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Meru Betiri dan memiliki prospek yang baik untuk mendukung keberlanjutan konservasi sekaligus peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi profil petani berdasarkan tingkat kinerja terhadap standar agroforestri, menginventarisasi keanekaragaman spesies tanaman di lahan agroforestri Zona Rehabilitasi SPTN II Ambulu, Taman Nasional Meru Betiri, menduga potensi regenerasi alami aren di Zona Rimba SPTN II Ambulu, Taman Nasional Meru Betiri, dan menyusun rancangan pengembangan agroforestri kompleks berbasis aren di Zona Rehabilitasi SPTN II Ambulu, untuk mewujudkan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat petani dan sekaligus kelestarian ekosistem Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Januari hingga Februari 2025 di Zona Rehabilitasi SPTN II Ambulu, khususnya pada Resor Andongrejo, Wonoasri, dan Sanenrejo. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, pengamatan lapangan, dan analisis vegetasi. Data yang dianalisis meliputi karakteristik petani, tingkat keberhasilan penanaman, uji Kruskal-Wallis, pendapatan dari hasil agroforestri, potensi regenerasi alami aren (kerapatan, pola sebaran, dan kategori kelestarian), daya kecambah benih, preferensi spesies yang berpotensi meningkatkan kesejahteraan, persepsi masyarakat, serta strategi pengembangan melalui analisis SWOT. Pemenuhan standar agroforestri menurut Permen LHK No.?23 Tahun?2021 yang mensyaratkan minimal 400 pohon pokok/ha masih rendah, rata-rata hanya mencapai 34,29%. Resor Wonoasri menunjukkan performa terbaik, dengan rata rata pemenuhan mencapai 157,51%, diikuti oleh Andongrejo dan Sanenrejo yang hanya memiliki satu petani yang hampir memenuhi standar. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa secara umum, kinerja petani masih belum optimal. Keanekaragaman tanaman pokok pada keseluruhan resor menunjukkan keragaman tinggi, dengan 23–24 spesies dari 14–16 famili, seperti alpukat, petai, durian, dan mangga. Namun, dominasi tanaman sela masih sangat tinggi, terutama di Andongrejo, yang memiliki 41 spesies tanaman sela (95% dari total), menunjukkan orientasi petani lebih pada hasil jangka pendek daripada tujuan rehabilitasi. Sanenrejo lebih fokus pada tanaman pokok, khususnya durian yang memberikan pendapatan tinggi, sedangkan Wonoasri dan Andongrejo lebih bergantung pada tanaman sela seperti jagung, cabai, dan peje. Tegakan aren yang tumbuh alami di zona rimba menunjukkan pola sebaran mengelompok, dengan kerapatan pohon tertinggi (51,5 ind/ha). Namun, kategori kelestarian aren masih tergolong poor, menandakan rendahnya kemampuan regenerasi alami. Oleh karena itu, kegiatan budidaya aren perlu dilakukan melalui pembibitan terkontrol. Hasil uji daya kecambah menunjukkan tingkat keberhasilan tinggi (95,88%) dengan metode pengeraman pada media campuran tanah dan serbuk gergaji. Preferensi masyarakat terhadap aren cukup tinggi, terbukti dari skor persepsi di atas 4 pada berbagai bagian tanaman seperti kolang-kaling, ijuk, dan nira. Resor Wonoasri menunjukkan tingkat penerimaan tertinggi, baik dari sisi ekologi maupun ekonomi, menjadikannya lokasi potensial untuk pengembangan agroforestri berbasis aren. Komposisi ideal untuk sistem agroforestri kompleks berbasis aren meliputi: 30% aren, 25% MPTS (durian, alpukat, petai), 20% tanaman hutan (beringin apak, bindung, kepuh), 10% tanaman pelengkap (melinjo, sukun, keluwek, pinang), 10% tanaman semusim (jagung, cabai, kunyit, jahe), dan 5% rerumputan. Strategi prioritas hasil analisis SWOT adalah regenerasi aren melalui pembibitan terkontrol dan pelibatan masyarakat dalam menjaga pohon induk penghasil benih (ST1), dengan skor tertinggi 0,66. Strategi ini dinilai paling efektif dalam menjawab ancaman terhadap keberlanjutan populasi aren dan meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam konservasi.

Kata kunci: agroforestri, aren, keanekaragaman, pemulihan ekosistem, partisipasi

HEKMATYAR AULIA AYUBA. Development Plan for Complex Aren-Based Agroforestry in the Rehabilitation Zone of SPTN II Ambulu, Meru Betiri National Park. Supervised by ERVIZAL A. M. ZUHUD and AGUS HIKMAT.

Meru Betiri National Park is facing pressure from encroachment and illegal logging, which have severely impacted soil degradation, erosion, and a decline in biodiversity. As a restoration effort, rehabilitation zones have been developed to restore the ecological functions of the area. One approach implemented is the agroforestry system. However, the application of agroforestry in these zones remains suboptimal due to the dominance of intercrops such as Pueraria javanica, which outweigh the presence of main tree species. The existence of native forest tree species is also still limited. One potential species recommended for development is sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.), a native species of the park that holds significant ecological benefits and high economic value. Arenga has also been proven to grow naturally in the forest areas of Meru Betiri National Park and presents a promising opportunity to support conservation sustainability while enhancing local community livelihoods. The study aims to identify farmer profiles based on their performance level in meeting agroforestry standards, to inventory the plant species diversity in agroforestry lands within the Rehabilitation Zone of SPTN II Ambulu, Meru Betiri National Park, to estimate the potential for natural regeneration of Arenga pinnata in the Wilderness Zone, and to develop a complex Arenga-based agroforestry development plan in the Rehabilitation Zone of SPTN II Ambulu. This effort seeks to enhance the welfare of farming communities while ensuring the conservation of the Meru Betiri National Park ecosystem This research was conducted from January to February 2025 in the Rehabilitation Zone of SPTN II Ambulu, specifically in the Andongrejo, Wonoasri, and Sanenrejo Resort areas. Data collection involved interviews, field observations, and vegetation analysis. The data analyzed included farmer characteristics, planting success rates, Kruskal-Wallis tests, agroforestry income, natural regeneration potential of Arenga (density, distribution pattern, and conservation status), seed germination rate, species preference for improving livelihoods, community perceptions, and development strategies through SWOT analysis. The fulfillment of agroforestry standards based on the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 23 of 2021, which requires a minimum of 400 main trees per hectare, remains low, with an average achievement of only 34.29%. Wonoasri Resort showed the best performance, with an average fulfillment rate of 157.51%, followed by Andongrejo and Sanenrejo, where only one farmer in each came close to meeting the standard. This indicates that, in general, farmers' performance in agroforestry management is still suboptimal. In terms of tree species diversity, all resorts exhibited high diversity, with 23 24 tree species from 14–16 families such as avocado, bitter bean (petai), durian, and mango. However, intercrops still dominated significantly, especially in Andongrejo, which recorded 41 intercrop species (95% of the total), indicating a stronger focus on short-term yields than on the park’s long-term ecological goals. Sanenrejo focused more on main crops such as durian, which provided high income, while Wonoasri and Andongrejo relied more on intercrops like corn, chili, and peje. Natural stands of Arenga in the wilderness zone showed a clustered distribution pattern, with the highest tree density at 51.5 individuals/ha. However, the conservation category of Arenga was classified as "poor," indicating low natural regeneration capacity. Therefore, Arenga cultivation needs to be supported through controlled nursery practices. Germination tests showed a high success rate (95.88%) using incubation methods in a growing medium composed of soil and sawdust. Community preference for Arenga was relatively high, as reflected in perception scores above 4 for various plant parts such as kolang-kaling (fruit), fiber (ijuk), and sap (nira). Wonoasri Resort recorded the highest acceptance levels in terms of both ecological awareness and economic potential, making it the most suitable location for developing Arenga-based agroforestry. The ideal composition for a complex Arenga-based agroforestry system includes: 30% Arenga, 25% MPTS (durian, avocado, petai), 20% forest trees (e.g., Ficus apak, Bindung, Kepuh), 10% complementary plants (e.g., Gnetum, breadfruit, keluwek, areca), 10% seasonal crops (corn, chili, turmeric, ginger), and 5% grasses. Based on SWOT analysis, the top-priority strategy is the regeneration of Arenga through controlled nursery practices and community involvement in maintaining seed-producing parent trees (ST1), which obtained the highest score of 0.66. This strategy is considered the most effective to ensure the sustainability of Arenga populations while empowering local communities in conservation efforts.

Keywords: agroforestry, Arenga pinnata, biodiversity, ecosystem restoration, participation