MODEL PENGEMBANGAN REHABILITASI HUTAN MANGROVE BERBASIS KONSEP KAWASAN EKSKLUSIF HUTAN MANGROVE (KEHM

Abstract

Wilayah pesisir memiliki hubungan erat dengan ekosistem mangrove yang berfungsi menjaga stabilitas pantai, mencegah abrasi, menyerap karbon, dan menyediakan habitat bagi biota. Selain itu, mangrove memberi manfaat ekonomi berupa kayu, hasil perikanan, dan peluang wisata. Namun, ekosistem ini terus mengalami kerusakan akibat penebangan, alih fungsi lahan, dan tekanan pembangunan. Kondisi serupa terjadi di Sekotong, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, yang ditetapkan sebagai Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial tetapi sebagian besar mangrovenya rusak parah. Permasalahan utama kawasan ini adalah lemahnya koordinasi pengelolaan, rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat, dan program rehabilitasi yang belum terpadu. Upaya yang dilakukan masih dominan pada aspek biofisik tanpa mempertimbangkan aspek sosial dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kondisi mangrove, mengembangkan model spasial prioritas rehabilitasi, dan merancang zonasi pengelolaan berbasis konsep Kawasan Eksklusif Hutan Mangrove. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan analisis terpadu. Analisis kerapatan tajuk mangrove dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan indeks NDVI, sedangkan perubahan kerapatan tajuk dari waktu ke waktu diamati menggunakan metode change detection. Tutupan lahan dianalisis menggunakan klasifikasi terbimbing (supervised classification) dengan algoritma Maximum Likelihood untuk memperoleh hasil pengelompokan yang lebih akurat. Uji ketelitian hasil klasifikasi dilakukan melalui penghitungan Overall Accuracy dan Kappa Accuracy guna memastikan keandalan data. Selain itu, analisis vegetasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas mangrove pada kawasan penelitian. Untuk menentukan area prioritas rehabilitasi, penelitian ini menerapkan metode Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) dengan pembobotan menggunakan teknik Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Sementara itu, model zonasi pengelolaan berbasis konsep Kawasan Eksklusif Hutan Mangrove (KEHM) disusun dengan metode skoring. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa pada periode 2020–2024 terjadi dinamika perubahan kelas kerapatan tajuk hutan mangrove, dengan kecenderungan mengalami kenaikan dan penurunan pada beberapa lokasi, meskipun jenis Rhizophora mucronata tetap mendominasi. Analisis dengan metode AHP mengungkapkan bahwa faktor biofisik, khususnya kerapatan tajuk dan tingkat salinitas, menjadi kriteria utama dalam menentukan prioritas rehabilitasi, yang selanjutnya diikuti oleh aspek sosial berupa keberadaan kelompok masyarakat serta aspek ekonomi berupa potensi wisata. Pemodelan spasial menghasilkan tiga kategori zona prioritas rehabilitasi, yaitu zona prioritas tinggi seluas 127,12 hektare, zona prioritas rendah seluas 82,63 hektare, dan zona tidak prioritas seluas 100,25 hektare, yang kemudian dijadikan dasar dalam penyusunan rancangan zonasi Kawasan Eksklusif Hutan Mangrove (KEHM). Zonasi KEHM terdiri atas tiga pembagian utama, yakni zona konservasi sebesar 34,96%, zona ekowisata sebesar 10,15%, dan zona produksi sebesar 54,88%. Secara keseluruhan, model zonasi ini mendukung pengelolaan mangrove yang integratif dan adaptif terhadap berbagai tekanan kawasan serta memberikan kontribusi nyata terhadap keberlanjutan ekologis dan peningkatan manfaat sosial-ekonomi masyarakat pesisir di sekitar kawasan mangrove.

Mangrove ecosystems are closely connected to coastal areas, playing a crucial role in maintaining shoreline stability, preventing erosion, absorbing carbon, and providing habitats for diverse species. In addition to their ecological importance, mangroves offer significant economic benefits, including timber resources, fisheries products, and ecotourism opportunities. However, these ecosystems continue to experience severe degradation due to logging, land conversion, and increasing development pressures. Similar conditions are found in Sekotong, an officially designated Essential Ecosystem Area in West Lombok Regency, where most of the mangrove forests are heavily damaged. The main challenges in this area include weak management coordination, limited community participation, and the absence of integrated rehabilitation programs. Existing efforts have largely focused on biophysical aspects while overlooking critical social and economic dimensions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the current condition of mangroves, develop a spatial model for identifying rehabilitation priorities, and design a management zoning system based on the concept of Exclusive Mangrove Forest Areas. The present research method was executed through several stages of integrated analysis. Mangrove canopy density was analyzed using the NDVI index, while changes in canopy density over time were observed using the change detection method. The classification of land cover was performed using a supervised method that employed the Maximum Likelihood algorithm to ensure the accuracy of the grouping results. The accuracy of the classification results was assessed by calculating the Overall Accuracy and Kappa Accuracy to ensure the reliability of the data. Furthermore, a comprehensive vegetation analysis was conducted to ascertain the composition of the mangrove community within the study area. To identify priority areas for rehabilitation, this study applied the Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method with weighting using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Concurrently, a management zoning model was developed, employing a scoring method and based on the Exclusive Mangrove Forest Area (KEHM) concept. The evaluation results indicate that during the 2020–2024 period, the canopy density classes of mangrove forests experienced both increases and decreases across several locations, although Rhizophora mucronata remained the dominant species. The analysis using the AHP method revealed that biophysical factors, particularly canopy density and salinity levels, were the primary criteria for determining rehabilitation priorities, followed by social factors such as the presence of community groups and economic factors such as tourism potential. Spatial modeling identified three categories of rehabilitation priority zones: high-priority zones covering 127.12 hectares, low-priority zones covering 82.63 hectares, and non-priority zones covering 100.25 hectares. These zones were then used as the foundation for developing the zoning plan of the Exclusive Mangrove Forest Area (KEHM). The KEHM zoning consists of three main divisions: a conservation zone (34.96%), an ecotourism zone (10.15%), and a production zone (54.88%). Overall, this zoning model supports integrated and adaptive mangrove management in response to various pressures on the area and provides a tangible contribution to ecological sustainability while enhancing the socio-economic well-being of coastal communities surrounding the mangrove area.