Kelembagaan Pengelolaan Cold Storage Ikan (Studi Kasus Cold Storage 1.000 Ton Muara Baru, Jakarta Utara)

Abstract

Cold storage (gudang beku) yang dibangun Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) di berbagai daerah merupakan salah satu implementasi kebijakan Sistem Logistik Ikan Nasional (SLIN). Cold storage 1.000 ton didirikan untuk menjadi role model sarana buffer stock ikan di Wilayah Jakarta yang dikelola pemerintah dan ditujukan memfasilitasi sarana penyimpanan ikan bagi pelaku usaha perikanan. Pengelolaan cold storage terikat pada peraturan dan ketentuan yang berlaku karena mengemban tugas dan fungsi sesuai misi yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Dalam implementasinya, pemanfaatan aset pemerintah tersebut belum optimal karena pelaku usaha perikanan yang bekerja sama masih terbatas. Hal ini berpengaruh pada pemanfaatan ruang penyimpanan ikan yang masih under capacity sehingga penerimaan menjadi lebih rendah sedangkan investasi cold storage dan kebutuhan operasional cukup tinggi. Sementara itu, keberhasilan kinerja pengelolaan cold storage diukur melalui capaian penerimaan dalam bentuk Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak (PNBP).

Tujuan penelitian adalah mengkaji sistem kelembagaan pengelolaan cold storage 1.000 ton dari perspektif Ekonomi Kelembagaan Baru dan menganalisis capaian kinerja keuangan dari perspektif profitabilitas bisnis. Penelitian menggunakan metode studi kasus di cold storage berkapasitas 1.000 ton di Muara Baru, Jakarta Utara. Analisis kelembagaan dilakukan secara kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan konsep Ekonomi Kelembagaan Baru, sedangkan analisis kinerja keuangan dilakukan secara kuantitatif melalui perhitungan profitabilitas dengan rasio Net Profit Margin (NPM) dan Return on Asset (ROA).

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cold storage 1.000 ton masih membutuhkan peningkatan kinerja. Pengelolaan cold storage belum berhasil karena memiliki kinerja yang belum optimal pada keseluruhan aspek kelembagaan yang dianalisis. Aspek penting yang paling memengaruhi kinerja cold storage antara lain aspek property right, principal agent, flexibility and adaptability dan memengaruhi kinerja pada aspek yang lain. Relevansi juga ditunjukkan dengan hasil analisis profitabilitas yang menggambarkan bahwa penerimaan yang diperoleh dari layanan jasa dan penggunaan aset cold storage belum memberikan keuntungan.

Implikasi untuk perbaikan pengelolaan cold storage 1.000 ton ke depan adalah pembentukan badan atau lembaga yang lebih otoritatif dalam layanan publik, pemberian ruang untuk menuangkan inovasi kepada manager pengelola, penyelarasan insentif dan membangun kerja sama yang lebih luas, pengembangan model bisnis yang lebih customize dengan kebutuhan pengguna, penegakan dan kepatuhan pada peraturan dan prosedur terkait layanan operasional dan penerapan standar mutu keamanan produk perikanan, pengembangan warehouse management system pada layanan dan operasional, peningkatan kinerja keuangan melalui optimalisasi penggunaan cold storage.

Cold storage built by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) in various regions is one of the implementations of the National Fish Logistics System (SLIN) policy. The cold storage of 1.000 tons was established as a role model for fish buffer stock facilities in the Jakarta Region, which was managed by the government and intended to facilitate fish storage facilities for fisheries business actors. Applicable regulations and provisions bind the management of cold storage because it carries out tasks and functions according to the mission set by the government. In its implementation, the utilization of government assets has not been optimal because the fisheries business actors who work together still need to be improved. This affects the utilization of fish storage space which is still under capacity so that revenues are lower while cold storage investment and operational needs are quite high. Meanwhile, the success of cold storage management performance is measured through the achievement of revenue in the form of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP). The purpose of the study was to examine the institutional system for managing the cold storage of 1.000 tons from the perspective of New Institutional Economics and to analyze financial performance achievements from the perspective of business profitability.

The study used a case study method in the cold storage of 1.000 tons in Muara Baru, North Jakarta. Institutional analysis was conducted qualitatively descriptively with the New Institutional Economics concept approach, while financial performance analysis was conducted quantitatively through profitability calculations with the Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Return on Asset (ROA) ratios.

The study's results indicate that the cold storage of 1.000 tons still requires performance improvement. Cold storage management has been unsuccessful because it has suboptimal performance in all institutional aspects analyzed. Important essential elements that most influence cold storage performance include property rights, principal agents, flexibility and adaptability, and influence performance in other aspects. Relevance is also shown by the results of the profitability analysis, which illustrates that the income obtained from service and use of cold storage assets has not provided benefits.

The implications for improving the management of the cold storage of 1.000 tons in the future are the establishment of a more authoritative body or institution in public services, providing space to pour innovation into management managers, aligning incentives and building broader cooperation, developing a more customized business model with user needs, enforcing and complying with regulations and procedures related to operational services and implementing food safety quality standards, developing a warehouse management system in services and operations, improving financial performance through optimizing the use of cold storage.