Penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu pada Program Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat di Kecamatan Pangkalan Kuras, Riau.
Abstract
Pengembangan areal peremajaan kelapa sawit yang semakin pesat dapat menyebabkan munculnya permasalahan ekologi seperti organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Serangan OPT seperti hama dan patogen menjadi salah satu kendala bagi petani dalam pengembangan usaha taninya terutama di perkebunan sawit rakyat. Permasalahan OPT yang dihadapi petani berbeda-beda bergantung pada teknik budi daya yang dilakukan dan faktor lingkungan. Pengendalian OPT pada perkebunan sawit rakyat secara terpadu, masih belum banyak diterapkan oleh petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji komponen teknik budi daya dan
faktor lingkungan serta sumber daya manusia yang memengaruhi penerapan PHT pada lahan peremajaan sawit rakyat di Kecamatan Pangkalan Kuras, Kabupaten Pelalawan, Provinsi Riau. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Agustus 2022 sampai April 2023. Lokasi pengamatan hama dan penyakit tanaman sawit berada di Desa Surya Indah, Kecamatan Pangkalan Kuras, Kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau. Identifikasi hama dan penyakit tanaman sawit dilakukan di Laboratorium Klinik Tanaman, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua kebun sawit dengan masing-masing luas lahan pengamatan 10 ha. Setiap lahan diamati sebanyak 130 sampel tanaman sawit yang terserang hama dan penyakit, kemudian 60 sampel bibit tanaman sawit diamati untuk mengetahui hama dan penyakit pada pembibitan. Data mengenai pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan petani dalam budi daya sawit diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan 60 orang responden dan dilanjutkan diskusi secara informal. Informasi kondisi dan karakteristik tanah diperoleh melalui analisis tanah dengan mengambil sampel tanah di lahan peremajaan. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Data insidensi penyakit, jenis hama dan patogen, serta kelimpahan ditabulasi dan diolah menggunakan perangkat lunak Microsoft Excel 365. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, hama yang dominan ditemukan pada lahan peremajaan adalah Oryctes rhinoceros, sedangkan penyakit yang dominan ditemukan adalah penyakit bercak daun yang disebabkan patogen Curvularia spp. dan Pestalotiopsis sp. Petani hanya mengetahui lima jenis hama dari total 15 hama yang ditemukan pada tanaman sawitnya. Tingkat pengetahuan petani mengenai jenis hama sawit sebesar 33%. Aspek sosial ekonomi memengaruhi tindakan petani dalam menerapkan PHT. Petani telah menerapkan beberapa teknik
pengendalian OPT dalam budi daya sawit di lahan peremajaan. Namun sebagian besar petani masih belum mengetahui istilah PHT, belum mengetahui peranan musuh alami dalam pengendalian OPT serta kurangnya monitoring rutin yang dilakukan. Sebagian besar petani termasuk pengadopsi teknologi kategori penerima akhir (laggards). Proses difusi teknologi PHT masih berjalan lambat di tingkat petani. Teknologi PHT masih dianggap menyulitkan petani dan hasilnya membutuhkan waktu yang lama. The rapid development of oil palm replanting areas will lead to ecological problems such as plant disturbing organism. Pest and disease attacks are obstacles farmers face when developing their farms, especially in smallholder’s oil palm plantations. Pest and disease problems faced by farmers vary depending on the cultivation techniques used and environmental factors. The integrated pest management in smallholder’s oil palm plantations is still not widely implemented by farmers. This study aims to examine the components of cultivation techniques, environmental factors, and human resources that influence the implementation of IPM on smallholder’s oil palm replanting land in Pangkalan Kuras Sub-District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. The study was conducted from August 2022 to April 2023. The location for observing pests and diseases of the oil palm plant was Surya Indah Village,
Pangkalan Kuras Sub-District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau. Identification of pest and disease was carried out at the Plant Clinic Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The study was
conducted on two oil palm plantations with an observation area of 10 ha each. Each field was observed with 130 samples of oil palm plants that were attacked by pests and diseases, and then 60 samples of oil palm seedlings were observed to
determine pests and diseases in the nursery. Data on farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and actions in oil palm cultivation was obtained through interviews with 60 respondents and continued with informal discussions. Information on soil conditions and characteristics are obtained through soil analysis by taking soil samples in the replanting area. Data on disease incidence, pests, pathogens, and abundance were tabulated and processed using Microsoft Excel 365 software. Based on observations, the dominant pest found in replanting land was Oryctes rhinoceros, while the dominant disease found was a leaf spot disease caused by the pathogens Curvularia spp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. Farmers only know about five pests out of a total of 15 found on their oil palm plants. Farmer knowledge about pests and diseases of oil palm plants was 33%. Socio-economic aspects influenced farmers' actions in implementing IPM. Farmers have applied several pest and disease control techniques in oil palm cultivation on replanting land. However, most farmers are still unfamiliar with the term IPM, need to learn the role of natural enemies in pest control in the field and lack regular monitoring. Most farmers fall into the late-receiver category of technology (laggards). The process of diffusion of IPM technology is still progressing slowly at the farmer level. The IPM technology is still considered difficult for farmers, and results take a long time.
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- MT - Agriculture [3754]