Deteksi Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) di Peternakan Kelinci Lokal, Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Abstract

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) adalah penyakit hepatitis fatal dan sangat menular pada kelinci domestik dan kelinci liar. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh Calicivirus, genus Lagovirus, dan famili Caliciviridae. Keberadaan RHD telah dilaporkan sebelumnya di Singapura pada tahun 2020. Kasus seropositif RHD di Indonesia pertama kali dilaporkan pada peternakan kelinci di daerah Lembang, Bandung, Jawa Barat pada tahun 2022. Hingga saat ini belum diketahui penyebaran RHD di wilayah lain khususnya di peternakan kelinci lokal yang tidak memiliki riwayat vaksinasi terhadap RHD dan tidak pernah memiliki riwayat kontak dengan kelinci impor. Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) merupakan salah satu sentra peternakan kelinci lokal terbesar di Pulau Jawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan RHD melalui uji serologi dan molekuler di sentra peternakan kelinci lokal di Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Provinsi DIY. Sejumlah 59 sampel serum kelinci dari peternakan kelinci lokal di enam kecamatan Kabupaten Kulon Progo diperiksa antibodi anti-RHDV dan antigen RHDV. Keenam kecamatan tersebut merupakan sentra peternakan kelinci di Kabupaten Kulon Progo yaitu Kecamatan Pengasih, Kalibawang, Nanggulan, Sentolo, Panjatan, dan Girimulyo. Serum sampel diuji menggunakan metode indirect ELISA, competition ELISA, isotype ELISA, dan RT-PCR. Dalam hal kerentanan kelinci terhadap RHDV, hasil pemeriksaan competition ELISA di analisis melalui analisis Chi-square. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan indirect ELISA, sebanyak 8,47% (5/59) sampel menunjukkan hasil seropositif RHDV. Pemeriksaan competition ELISA menunjukkan hasil sebanyak 27,11% (16/59) dan 13,56% (8/59) sampel terhadap RHDV dan RHDV2 secara berurutan. Pemeriksaan isotype ELISA menunjukkan hasil 27,11% (16/59), 22% (13/59), dan 3,39% (2/59) sampel terhadap IgG, IgA, dan IgM secara berurutan. Sementara itu, pemeriksaan RT-PCR menunjukkan hasil sebanyak 3,39% (2/59) sampel merupakan suspect positif RHDV. Hasil analisis Chi-square menunjukkan hasil bahwa terdapat cukup bukti untuk menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan antara kejadian RHD dengan umur kelinci. Namun sebaliknya, tidak cukup bukti untuk meyatakan bahwa ada hubungan antara kejadian RHD dengan jenis kelamin kelinci. Temuan pemeriksaan serologi dan molekuler pada penelitian ini menjadi bukti bahwa RHD telah terdeteksi pada sentra peternakan kelinci lokal, Kulon Progo, DIY yang diindikasikan dengan adanya antibodi dan material genetik RHDV pada sampel.

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a fatal and highly contagious hepatitis disease of domestic and wild rabbits. The disease is caused by Calicivirus, genus Lagovirus, and family Caliciviridae. The presence of RHD has been previously reported in Singapore in 2020. The first seropositive case of RHD in Indonesia was reported in a rabbit farm in the Lembang area, Bandung, West Java in 2022. Until now, the spread of RHD in other regions is unknown, especially in local rabbit farms which have no history of vaccination against RHD and have never had a history of contact with imported rabbits. The Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is one of Java’s largest rabbit farming centers. This study aimed to detect the presence of RHD through serological and molecular tests in local rabbit farming centers in Kulon Progo Regency, DIY Province. A total of 59 rabbit serum samples from local rabbit farms in six sub-districts of Kulon Progo Regency were tested for anti-RHDV antibodies and RHDV antigens. The six sub-districts are the centers of rabbit farming in Kulon Progo Regency, namely Pengasih, Kalibawang, Nanggulan, Sentolo, Panjatan, and Girimulyo. Serum samples were tested using indirect ELISA, competition ELISA, isotype ELISA, and RT-PCR methods. Regarding rabbit susceptibility to RHDV, the results of the competition ELISA examination were analyzed through Chi- square analysis. Based on the results of the indirect ELISA examination, 8.47% (5/59) of samples showed RHDV seropositive results. Competition ELISA examination showed 27,11 % (16/59) and 13,56% (8/59) of samples against RHDV and RHDV2, respectively. Isotype ELISA showed 27,11% (16/59), 22% (13/59), and 3,39% (2/59) of samples against IgG, IgA, and IgM, respectively. Meanwhile, RT-PCR examination showed that 3,39% (2/59) of samples were RHDV-positive suspects. Chi-square analysis showed that there was enough evidence to suggest that there was an association between RHD incidence and rabbit age. On the other hand, there was not enough evidence to suggest that there was an association between RHD incidence and rabbit sex. The results of serological and molecular examinations in this study provide evidence that RHD has been detected in the local rabbit farming center, Kulon Progo, DIY, as indicated by the presence of RHDV antibodies and genetic material in the samples.