Kesesuaian Sistem Budidaya Berbagai Varietas Padi dan Pembandingan Teknik Penyemprotan Manual dengan Aplikasi Drone

Abstract

Berbagai varietas Padi Tipe Baru (PTB), Varietas Unggul Baru (VUB), dan Varietas Unggul Lokal (VUL), mungkin menunjukkan perbedaan dalam kinerja agronomi pada berbagai sistem budidaya. Tujuan utama teknik budidaya yaitu meningkatkan produktivitas dan efisiensi dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah. Di Indonesia, sebagian besar petani melakukan penyemprotan pestisida masih menggunakan cara manual. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menguji kesesuaian varietas dalam sistem budidaya, yaitu: budidaya organik+ pengelolaan hama terpadu (PHT), budidaya anorganik + PHT, dan budidaya konvensional dan membandingkan efisiensi waktu dan efektivitas teknik penyemprotan manual dengan aplikasi drone. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Sawah Baru Babakan, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian IPB University, Jawa Barat. Penelitian terdiri atas dua percobaan: (1) Kesesuaian sistem budidaya pada berbagai varietas padi, rancangan percobaan yang digunakan yaitu rancangan petak tersarang faktorial. Sistem budidaya sebagai petak utama terdiri atas sistem budidaya organik + pengelolaan hama terpadu (PHT), anorganik + PHT, dan konvensional. Varietas sebagai anak petak terdiri atas IPB 3S (PTB), INPARI 30 dan INPARI 32 (VUB), Batang Piaman dan Anak Daro (VUL). (2) Uji efektivitas teknik penyemprotan manual dan aplikasi drone, menggunakan T-test. Peubah pengamatan percobaan pertama yaitu karakter morfologi (tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, persentase anakan produktif, bobot akar dan bobot tajuk), karakter fisiologis (laju tumbuh relatif, laju fotosintesis, dan kehijauan daun), dan karakter generatif dan hasil (waktu berbunga, panjang malai, jumlah malai, bobot 1000 butir, indeks panen, jumlah gabah isi, jumlah gabah hampa, persentase gabah isi, bobot gabah per rumpun dan hasil). Peubah pengamatan percobaan dua: kapasitas lapangan teoritis, waktu kerja, kapasitas lapangan efektif, jumlah tetesan abnormal, total tetesan, dan persentase tetesan abnormal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan varietas Batang Piaman and INPARI 30 dapat dibudidayakan pada sistem budidaya organik + PHT, anorganik + PHT, dan konvensional. Varietas IPB and INPARI 32 lebih sesuai dibudidayakan pada sistem budidaya anorganik + PHT dan konvensional, sedangkan varietas Anak Daro lebih sesuai dibudidayakan pada sistem budidaya organik + PHT. Teknik penyemprotan drone lebih efisien dan efektif dibandingkan penyemprotan manual, terbukti dengan kapasitas lapangan yang teoritis dan efektif yang tinggi, jangkauan operasional yang lebih cepat, volume cairan yang disemprotkan lebih sedikit, distribusi semprotan merata, dan rendahnya kumpulan tetesan yang tidak diinginkan.

Various New Type Rice varieties (PTB), New Superior Varieties (VUB), and Local Superior Varieties (VUL), may show differences in agronomic performance in various cultivation systems. The main goal of cultivation techniques is to increase productivity and efficiency with lower unit costs. In Indonesia, most farmers still use manual methods to spray pesticides. The aim of this research was to evaluate the suitability of varieties in cultivation systems, namely: organic cultivation + integrated pest management (IPM), inorganic cultivation + IPM, and conventional cultivation and to compare the time efficiency and effectiveness of manual spraying techniques with drone applications. The research was carried out at the Sawah Baru Babakan Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, West Java. The research consisted of two experiments: (1) Suitability of cultivation systems for various rice varieties, the experimental design used was a factorial nested design. The cultivation system as the main plot consists of an organic cultivation system + IPM, an inorganic + IPM, and a conventional. Rice varieties as subplots consist of IPB 3S (PTB), INPARI 30 and INPARI 32 (VUB), Batang Piaman and Anak Daro (VUL). (2) Testing the effectiveness of manual spraying techniques and drone applications, using the T-test. The observation variables for the first experiment were morphological characters (plant height, number of tillers, percentage of productive tillers, root weight and shoot weight), physiological characters (relative growth rate, photosynthesis rate, and leaf greenness), and generative and yield characters (flowering time, length panicles, number of panicles, weight of 1000 grains, harvest index, number of filled grains, number of empty grains, percentage of filled grains, weight of grain per hill and yield). Experiment two: theoretical field capacity, working time, effective field capacity, number of abnormal droplets, total droplets, and percentage of abnormal droplets. The research results showed that the Batang Piaman and INPARI 30 varieties were suitable for organic + IPM, inorganic + IPM, and conventional cultivational systems. The IPB 3S and INPARI 32 varieties were more suitable for conventional cultivational and inorganic + IPM, while the Anak Daro variety was better suited for organic cultivation + IPM. Drone spraying techniques were more efficient and effective than manual spraying, proven by high theoretical and effective field capacity, faster operational range, less liquid volume sprayed, even spray distribution, and low collection of unwanted droplets.