Ketimpangan pembangunan inter dan intra wilayah pengembangan di provinsi Papua Barat

Abstract

Pembangunan harus dimaknai sebagai upaya sistematik dan berkesinambungan untuk menciptakan keadaan yang lebih baik dari segi manusia, infrasturktur maupun lingkungan. Ketimpangan pembangunan merupakan keniscayaan yang harus dihadapi karena adanya berbagai perbedaan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh setiap wilayah/daerah di Indonesia. Pembangunan berbasis wilayah bertujuan meminimalisir ketimpangan antar wilayah. Pemerintah daerah Papua Barat membagi wilayahnya menjadi tiga wilayah pengembangan (WP). Setiap wilayah pengembangan memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda satu sama lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis tipologi daerah, tingkat ketimpangan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ketimpangan inter dan intra WP di Papua Barat. Teknik analisis yang dipakai adalah tipologi daerah, indeks Theil, analisis regresi data panel untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ketimpangan antar WP dan coefficient variant (CV) untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi variasi indikator pembangunan intra WP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada daerah yang dominan pada kuadran pertama dan keempat tipologi daerah. Nilai indeks Theil menunjukkan trend ketimpangan meningkat. Variabel yang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada taraf α = 5% terhadap indeks Theil adalah panjang jalan, pendapatan asli daerah (PAD), dummy tidak adanya kota dan dummy wilayah adat. Variabel yang signifikan pada taraf α = 10% dan berpengaruh positif adalah pengeluaran rata-rata perkapita, sedangkan bagi hasil sumber daya alam (BHSDA) berpengaruh negatif. Variable yang berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan taraf α = 5% terhadap indeks Theil adalah dummy tidak adanya daerah otonomi baru (DOB). Berdasarkan tipologi daerah, di WP I, Kabupaten Manokwari pada 2015 dan 2016 menempati kuadran I sedangkan Teluk Bintuni dan Teluk Wondama kuadran IV. Tingkat ketimpangan WP I cenderung meningkat. Trend nilai CV PAD menurun, BHSDA meningkat, angka harapan hidup (AHH) menurun, rata-rata lama sekolah (RLS) meningkat dan pengeluaran per kapita menurun. Di WP II ketimpangan meningkat drastis terutama pada periode 2014-2016. Kota Sorong berada pada kuadran I pada periode 2013-2016 sedangkan kuadran IV ditempati oleh Maybrat, Raja Ampat, Sorong Selatan dan Kabupaten Sorong. Trend nilai CV PAD WP II tetap, BHSDA meningkat, AHH meningkat, RLS menurun, pendapatan per kapita menurun. Indeks Theil WP III cenderung meningkat. Kabupaten Fakfak berada pada kuadran I pada peride 2013-2016 sedangkan kuadran IV ditempati Kaimana. Trend nilai CV PAD WP III menurun, BHSDA menurun, AHH menurun, RLS menurun, pendapatan per kapita menurun.

Development must be interpreted as a systematic and continuous effort to create better conditions in terms of humanity, infrastructure, and environment. Development disparity is inevitable and must be encountered because there were various differences in characteristics possessed by each area/region in Indonesia. Regional-based development aimed to minimize disparity between regions. The West Papua regional government divided its territory into three development region (Wilayah Pembangunan or WP). Each region development had characteristics that were slightly different from each other. The purpose of this study was to analyze the regional typology, the level of disparity and the factors that influenced the inter and intra-WP disparity in West Papua. The analysis technique used was the regional typology, Theil index, panel data regression analysis to determine the factors that influenced the disparity between WP and variant coefficient (VC) to describe the conditions of the intra- WP development indicator variation. The results showed that there were no dominant regions in the first quadrant and the four regional typologies. Theil index value showed an increasing trend. Variables that had a positive and significant effect on the level of α = 5% of the Theil index were the length of the road, the original regional income (Pendapatan Asli Daerah or PAD), the dummy of the absence of a manucipality and the dummy of the adat (traditional) region, which was significant at the level of α = 10% and a positive effect was the average expenditure per capita, while natural resource value sharing (Bagi Hasil Sumber Daya Alam or BHSDA) had a negative effect. Variables that had a negative and significant level of α = 5% of Theil index were dummy absence of new autonomous regions (Daerah Otonomi Baru or DOB). Based on the typology of WP I, Manokwari Regency in 2015 and 2016 was in quadrant I while Teluk Bintuni and Teluk Wondama were in quadrant IV. WP I level of disparity tended to increase. The trend of the value of the PAD VC decreased, BHSDA increased, life expectancy number (Angka Harapan Hidup or AHH) decreased, the average length of schooling (Rata-rata Lama Sekolah or RLS) increased and per capita expenditure decreased. WP II experienced an fast increasing trend of disparity, especially in 2014-2016. Sorong Manucipality was in quadrant I in the period 2013-2016 while the quadrant IV was occupied by Maybrat, Raja Ampat, Sorong Selatan and Sorong Regency. The trend in the value of PAD WP II CV remained steady, BHSDA increased, AHH increased, RLS decreased, per capita income decreased. Theil index of WP III tended to increase. Fakfak Regency is in the first quadrant in 2013-2016 while the fourth quadrant is occupied by Kaimana. The value trend of WP III PAD VC declined, BHSDA decreased, AHH decreased, RLS decreased, per capita income decreased.