Dormansi Benih Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees) pada Beberapa Tingkat Masak dan Pengembangan Metode Uji Daya Berkecambah
Date
2023Author
Gundala, Belangie Tuahte
Widajati, Eny
Ilyas, Satriyas
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Sambiloto merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang digunakan dalam industri fitofarmaka dan dikenal sebagai king of bitterness. Sambiloto mengandung andrographolida yang berfungsi sebagai penghambat perkembangan virus COVID 19. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2021 sampai dengan September 2022. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan masak fisiologis, mempelajari penyebab dormansi benih sambiloto, menentukan teknik pematahan dormansi yang efektif untuk meningkatkan persentase perkecambahan benih sambiloto, dan mendapatkan metode uji daya berkecambah benih sambiloto.
Penelitian ini terdiri atas empat percobaan. Percobaan pertama dilakukan secara deskriptif berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan mengenai perkembangan bunga, kapsul, dan benih sambiloto. Percobaan kedua disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dua faktor. Faktor pertama perlakuan benih: kontrol (tanpa perlakuan), skarifikasi kimia dengan 5% H2SO4 selama 10 menit, skarifikasi kimia dilanjutkan dengan perlakuan perendaman 100 ppm GA3 selama 24 jam. Faktor kedua adalah metode uji daya berkecambah: metode top-of-paper dan pleated paper. Percobaan ketiga disusun dalam Rancangan Petak Terbagi. Periode after ripening sebagai petak utama: 0–16 minggu setelah panen (MSP). Tingkat masak benih sebagai anak petak: 22, 23, 24, 25, dan 26 hari setelah antesis (HSA). Percobaan ke-empat disusun dalam RAL dua faktor. Faktor pertama tingkat masak benih: 22, 23, 24, 25, dan 26 HSA. Faktor kedua adalah pematahan dormansi: kontrol, 5% H2SO4 selama 20 menit, 5% H2SO4 diikuti 100 ppm GA3, 5% H2SO4 diikuti 0,2% KNO3, 5% H2SO4 diikuti 100 ppm kinetin, 5% H2SO4 diikuti larutan campuran GA3 dan kinetin dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 100 ppm.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bunga sambiloto pertama muncul 120 hari setelah semai (HSS). Masak fisiologis benih sambiloto tercapai 26 HSA dengan bobot kering benih, viabilitas, dan vigor benih maksimum. Benih sambiloto berukuran kecil dengan panjang 2,0 mm, dan lebar 1,5–2,0 mm. Metode pengujian daya berkecambah menggunakan pleated paper lebih baik dibandingkan top-of paper karena menghasilkan persentase daya berkecambah dan kecepatan tumbuh yang lebih tinggi, dan periode hitungan pertama dan terakhir yang jauh lebih cepat, 35 dan 70 HSS dibandingkan 65 dan 80 HSS. Benih sambiloto mengalami dormansi morfofisiologis, yaitu dormansi primer eksogenus karena testa impermeable terhadap air dan dormansi primer endogenus (after ripening). Dormansi benih patah
pada suhu ruang 26–32˚C dan RH 61–79% di minggu ke–10 setelah masak fisiologis pada 26 HSA dengan daya berkecambah 60% dan kadar air benih 7-8%. Viabilitas dan vigor benih tertinggi tercapai 13 minggu after ripening. Perendaman benih sambiloto pada tingkat masak 25 dan 26 HSA dalam 5% H2SO4 selama 20 menit diikuti dengan perendaman dalam 100 ppm GA3 selama 24 jam merupakan
teknik pematahan dormansi terbaik dengan daya berkecambah 76%. Bitter seed is one of the medicinal plants used in phytopharmaceuticals and is known as the king of bitterness. Bitter seeds contain andrographolide which is used to inhibit the development of the COVID-19 virus. The research was carried out from January 2021 until September 2022. This study aimed to determine the physiological maturity, obtain an appropriate germination test method, understand
the causes of bitter seed dormancy, and determine an effective breaking dormancy to increase the germination percentage of bitter seeds.
This study consisted of four experiments. The first experiment was descriptively based on field observations regarding the development of bitter's flowers, capsules, and seeds. The second experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two-factor. The first factor was seed treatments: control (untreated), chemical scarification with 5% H2SO4 for 10 minutes, chemical scarification followed by 100 ppm GA3 for 24 hours soaking treatment. The third factor was germination test methods: top of paper and pleated paper. The second experiment was arranged in Split Plot Design. After-ripening period as the main plot: 0–16 weeks after harvesting (WAH). The seed maturity levels as subplot: 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 days after anthesis (DAA). The fourth experiment was conducted using a two-factor CRD. The first factor was seed maturity levels: 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 DAA. The second factor was breaking dormancy: control, 5% H2SO4 for 20 minutes, 5% H2SO4 followed by 100 ppm GA3, 5% H2SO4 followed by 0,2% KNO3, 5% H2SO4 followed by 100 ppm kinetin, 5% H2SO4 followed by a mixed solution of GA3 and kinetin with a concentration of 100 ppm, respectively.
The results showed that the first bitter seed flowers appeared at 120 DAS. The physiological seed maturity was reached at 26 DAA with maximum seed dry weight, viability, and vigor. Bitter seeds are small, with a length of 2,0 mm and a width of 1,5–2,0 mm. The pleated paper germination test method was better than the top of-paper since required a much faster germination period and resulted in a higher percentage and speed of germination. The top-of-paper method's first and final
count was 65 and 80 days after sowing (DAS), respectively. In contrast, the pleated paper method's first and final count was 35 and 70 DAS, respectively. Bitter seeds belong to morphophysiological dormancy, namely exogenous primary dormancy because the testa is impermeable to water and endogenous (after ripening) primary dormancy. Seed dormancy was broken at room temperature 26–32˚C and RH 61–79% in the 10th week after physiological maturity at 26 DAA with a germination rate of 60% and seed moisture content of 7-8%. The highest seed viability and vigor were achieved at 13 weeks after ripening. The most effective method for breaking dormancy was chemical scarification with 5% H2SO4 for 20 minutes, followed by soaking the seeds in 100 ppm GA3 for 24 hours on seed maturity levels of 25 and 26 DAA, and the germination reached 76%.
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- MT - Agriculture [3698]