Transformasi Sosial Komunitas Suku Osing dalam Ekonomi Festival Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Abstract

Pertumbuhan ekonomi Kabupaten Banyuwangi pada masa kepemimpinan Bupati Azwar Anas periode 2010-2019 dihela melalui perkembangan sektor pariwisata. Hasilnya menunjukkan capaian-capaian kinerja yang spektakuler. Pada lingkup ekonomi, di akhir masa jabatannya angka kemiskinan turun menjadi 7,52% sementara pendapatan per kapita pada tahun yang sama meningkat hingga mencapai Rp. 51.000.000/tahun. Pada lingkup sosial budaya, mobilitas komunitas komunitas lokal khususnya Suku Osing memperlihatkan keterlibatan masif dan kolosal terutama melalui rangkaian kegiatan bertajuk Banyuwangi Festival yang telah diselenggarkan mulai tahun 2012. Ritual adat dan kesenian Suku Osing mengalami proses festivalisasi sehingga menjadi atraksi pariwisata yang menarik bagi para wisatawan. semakin menguatnya posisi Banyuwangi sebagai destinasi pariwisata baru menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan di Kabupaten Banyuwangi berorientasi pada tourism centered economy dimana festival menjadi salah satu bagiannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkonstruksi identitas atau bentuk transformasi sosial komunitas Suku Osing dalam ekonomi festival Kabupaten Banyuwangi dengan menganalisis: 1) tindakan ekonomi komunitas Suku Osing dalam perkembangan pariwisata ekonomi festival; 2) struktur jaringan sosial yang terbentuk dalam perkembangan pariwisata/ekonomi festival; 3) pelembagaan pariwisata/ekonomi festival. Pendekatan teoritis yang digunakan dalam menjelaskan tiga dimensi transformasi sosial tersebut meliputi teori keterlekatan sosial dari Granovetter dan etika moral ekonomi dari Jeremy Bentham, teori jaringan sosial dari Granovetter dan Borgatti, dan teori kelembagaan baru dari Victor Nee. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivisme dengan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif melalui desain studi kasus. Pendekatan kualitatif dilaksanakan melalui desain penelitian studi kasus yang dibatasi pada rentang waktu perkembangan pariwisata di Banyuwangi tahun 2012-2019. Secara khusus jaringan sosial diekplorasi melalui melalui analisis jaringan sosial dengan bantuan Program UCINET 6. Lokasi penelitian ditetapkan secara purposif di Desa Kemiren Kecamatan Glagah Kabupaten Banyuwangi karena Desa Kemiren dihuni oleh salah satu komunitas Suku Osing yang masih menjalankan berbagai ritual yang dikresikan melalui berbagai festival. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan observasi dan wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) pada 19 subyek kasus dan komputasi UCINET dilakukan terhadap 29 informan. Temuan-temuan penelitian menunjukkan dimensi budaya dari identitas transformasi sosial adalah bahwa modifikasi budaya yang dilakukan komunitas Suku Osing di Desa Kemiren melalui tindakan ekonomi yang melekat secara sosial. Adapun keterlibatan tindakan ekonomi komunitas Suku Osing dalam pariwisata ekonomi festival meliputi: (1) Keterlibatan on-site di berbagai festival yang dikomodifikasi dari ritual yang rutin, dan inovasi event-event festival yang berdampak pada munculnya usaha-usaha homestay, cafe dan toko cenderamata terutama batik dan kopi khas Desa Kemiren, dan (2) Keterlibatan off-site yang hanya diakses oleh para seniman asal Desa Kemiren yang diundang oleh pemerintah maupun pihak swasta. Kekuatan kapital pariwisata mendorong komodifikasi sosial budaya dan berimplikasi pada perubahan sosial masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komunitas Suku Osing tetap melakukan aktivitas ekonomi pariwisata yang dimaknai sebagai tindakan rasionalitas nilai. Komodifikasi selektif dalam ekonomi festival dan system penghidupan mengganda (dual-livelihood) dikonstruksi dalam keterlekatan berganda (multiple embeddedness). Tindakan ekonomi komunitas Suku Osing Kemiren menunjukkan fenomena bekerjanya sistem ekonomi “tradisional” yang bersifat lokal dan sekaligus ekonomi pariwisata yang modern dan mengglobal secara bersamaan tanpa menyebabkan terjadinya gegar budaya pada komunitas Suku Osing Kemiren. Kondisi ini menunjukkan adaptabilitas dan fleksibilitas budaya komunitas Suku Osing dalam pertumbuhan pariwisata. Dimensi struktur jaringan dari identitas transformasi sosial memperlihatkan perkembangan pariwisata pada komunitas Suku Osing Kemiren menunjukkan jumlah aktor pariwisata yang berperan masih terbatas. Berdasarkan analisis jaringan sosial atau Social Network Analysis (SNA), nilai kepadatan interaksi dan sentralitas aktor pariwisata dalam berjejaring menunjukkan nilai rendah yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai kepadatan sebesar 0.3091 (30%). Pemerintah Desa sebagai sentral pengelola kegiatan pariwisata, namun dalam pelaksanaannya dibantu oleh Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) Kencana. Pokdarwis berperan dalam mengelola dan menjembatani hubungan antar aktor pariwisata dari desa Kemiren, Pemerintah Desa. Hubungan relasional yang didasari oleh trust dan dalam waktu lama berpengaruh pada hasil maksimal terciptanya ekonomi festival di Banyuwangi. Dimensi proses dari identitas transformasi sosial menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan pariwisata ekonomi festival berlangsung melalui proses pelembagaan tata aturan formal dalam hubungan timbal balik dan penyelarasan dengan aturan kelembagaan meso (pemerintah daerah) dan mikro (komunitas Suku Osing). Negara menjadi lembaga formal dalam menciptakan lingkungan kelembagaan, yaitu segenap tata aturan yang mengendalikan mekanisme keteraturan pasar bagi level meso maupun mikro. Di Kabupaten Banyuwangi, berbagai aturan formal tentang pariwisata menciptakan hubungan timbal balik yang mendorong potensial komunitas adat Osing Kemiren menjadi desa wisata unggulan. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa transformasi sosial komunitas Suku Osing dalam ekonomi festival di Kabupaten Banyuwangi menjadi pendorong bagi perkembangan ekonomi. Dalam ekonomi festival, komunitas Suku Osing menampilkan ragam tindakan keterlekatan yang bersifat mengganda (multiple embededdness) yang bersifat sementara. Transformasi sosial komunitas adat dalam perkembangan ekonomi dapat dirumuskan sebagai proses kesementaraan keterlekatan sosial yang terus akan berubah dalam jalinan struktur jaringan sosial antar pemangku kepentingan, dan pelembagaan baru, serta bentuk adaptabilitas dan fleksibilitas budaya suatu komunitas adat.

The economic growth of Banyuwangi Regency during the leadership of Regent Azwar Anas during 2010-2019 was accomplished through tourism development. The growth demonstrated remarkable achievements. At the economic milieu, at the end of his term, the poverty rate fell to 7.52% while per capita income in the same year increased to Rp.51,000,000/year. In the socio-cultural milieu, the mobility of local communities showed massive involvement through a series of activities entitled the Banyuwangi Festival held in 2012. The traditional rituals and arts of the Osing Community undergo a festival process, so it evolved into an attractive tourist attraction. The strengthening of Banyuwangi stance as a new tourism destination also revealed that development in Banyuwangi Regency was oriented towards a tourism-centered economy in which festivals take part. This study aims to construct an identity or form of social transformation of the Osing community in the festival economy of Banyuwangi Regency by analyzing: 1) the economic actions of the Osing community in the development of festival economic tourism; 2) the social network structure formed in the development of tourism/festival economy; 3) institutionalization of tourism/economic festivals. The theoretical approaches used in explaining the three dimensions of social transformation include social embeddedness theory from Granovetter and economic-moral ethics from Jeremy Bentham, social network theory from Granovetter and Borgatti, and new institutional approach from Victor Nee. This study uses a constructivist paradigm with a qualitative research approach through a case study design. A qualitative approach is carried out through a case study research design limited to the time span of tourism development in Banyuwangi from 2012-2019. In particular, social networks were explored through social network analysis with the help of the UCINET 6 Program. The research location was purposively determined in Kemiren Village, Glagah District, Banyuwangi Regency because Kemiren Village is inhabited by one of the Osing Tribe communities still carry out various rituals created through various festivals. Data was collected using observation and in-depth interviews with 19 case subjects. UCINET computational data was carried out on 29 informants. Results revealed the cultural commodification committed by Osing The community was economic actions embedded in the social context. The involvement of the Osing Community in tourism included (1) on-site involvement in various festivals modified from routine rituals, innovation of festival events that impacted the emergence of homestay businesses, cafes, and souvenir shops, especially batik and typical coffee of Kemiren Village, and (2) off-site involvement which was only accessed by artists from Kemiren Village who were invited by the government and private parties. The strength of tourism capital encouraged socio-cultural commodification and entailed a social change in society. However, the results showed that the Osing Community carried out tourism economic activities as an act of rationality of values and crystallized in selective commodification. The commodification in festival economics and dual-livelihood systems was constructed in multiple-embeddedness underlying rationality in running economic activities. The economic actions of the Osing Community described the harmony of the local "traditional" economic system and modern-globalized tourism simultaneously without causing a cultural shock to the Osing Community. The notion highlights the adaptability and flexibility of the Osing Community culture in tourism development over commodification. The development of tourism in Osing Kemiren also impacted the expansion of tourism actors. Based on SNA, the value of interaction density and centrality of tourism actors in networking was relatively low showing 0.3091 (30%). Out of 29 actors, thirteen actors occupied the central position in tourism and were likely to interact and exchange information frequently. Interestingly, although the Village Government is the central manager of tourism activities, and the implementation of tourism activity management was assisted by the Kencana conscious tourism group. It suggested that the group played a substantial role in managing and bridging the relationship between tourism actors from Kemiren village, the village government, and companies involved in tourism activities. The relationship among tourism actors was realized in relational relations based on trust and carried out for a long time. The state emerged as a formal institution setting up an institutional environment including the entire system of rules that control the mechanism of the market order for the meso and micro levels. In Banyuwangi Regency, regulations regarding tourism, villages are written in formal rules in the form of Banyuwangi Regency Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2017 concerning Tourism Villages. It pins to point out the management of all village potentials, both in terms of natural wealth and cultural potential which is then managed by the community through village-owned enterprises (BUMDES) leading to reciprocity between the community and tourists, and the promotion of potential products from the target village. The novelty of this study is that the social transformation of the Osing Tribe community in the festival economy in Banyuwangi Regency can be explained from three identities or forms of social transformation, namely: social attachment, social networks, and the institutionalization of the festival economy. The three identities of the social transformation of the Osing community has become a driving force for the economic development of the festival. In the economics of the festival, the Osing Tribe community displays a variety of multiple embeddedness actions consisting of relational-structural attachment, cultural attachment, institutional attachment, spatial attachment, and political attachment. In terms of space and time, all of these attachments are temporal. The social transformation of indigenous communities in economic development can be formulated as a temporary process of social attachment which will continue to change the fabric of the social network structures between stakeholders, and new institutionalization, as well as a form of cultural adaptability and flexibility of an indigenous community.