Potensi Tumbuhan Sumber Pakan Sebagai Daya Dukung Habitat Budidaya Lebah (Apis dorsata) di Kabupaten Belitung

Abstract

Apis dorsata bee is one species of bee that produces honey. This species cannot be separated from the availability of plants that serve as a source of feed, namely nectar and pollen. The higher the potential of bee feed, the more bees produce honey because of the large availability of feed. These factors have the most important value in the carrying capacity of Apis dorsata bees. The development of the beekeeping business in the Belitung Regency causes an increase in the bee population, which will negatively impact if it is not accompanied by the availability of plant habitat as a source of feed. Therefore, information about the distribution pattern, abundance, and diversity of pollen and nectar-producing plants in the Belitung Regency needs to be known. Based on this background, this study aims to identify the composition, diversity, spatial distribution patterns, plant associations, influential environmental variables, and the potential area of nectar and pollen-producing plants as the carrying capacity of A. dorsata habitat. The diversity of plant species that produce nectar and pollen data was obtained from farmer information and direct observations. The spatial distribution pattern of nectar and pollen-producing plants and vegetation analysis using the purposive sampling method. Observation of the composition structure of the Apis dorsata habitat was made using a combination of observational plots between the method of pathways and nesting plots. The distance for each transect is 3 km. The profile diagram was created by determining the location in the sunggau group (labun) with a size of 20 × 20 m2 (400 m2 ). Habitat characteristics data is determined based on abiotic environmental factors: air temperature, humidity and light intensity, pH, and soil moisture. The collection of abiotic parameter data was carried out at every single sub-station on four repeats of each transect. Determination of habitat potential using MaxEnt v3.4.0 software using species presence data and environmental variables. The results showed 55 potential plant feed species for Apis dorsata, 40 species of nectar-producing, 40 species of pollen-producing, and 26 species of nectar and pollen-producing species. The level of species diversity (H') in Perpat Village is classified as medium to high with a value of (2.92 - 3.02). Kembiri Village is classified as moderate to high with a value of 2.57 - 3.09. From both locations, the diversity index in Perpat Village is classified as higher in all growth phases. The value of species dominance (C) from both locations in Perpat Village was more dominated by several species than in Kembiri Village. The value of species-level (E) in Perpat Village has a higher value where the higher the value of leveling, the more stable the species diversity in the community. Other research results showed that the association index value in Perpat Village is meager at 36.7% compared to 45.9% in Kembiri Village. Only a tiny percentage showed a very high degree of association in the first location at 18.3% and the second at 12.1%. The distribution of plants in Perpat Village and Kembiri di lokasi pertama sebesar 18,3% dan lokasi kedua sebesar 12,1%. Persebaran tumbuhan di Desa Perpat dan Desa Kembiri memiliki pola yang sama. Tingkatan semai dan herba, pancang serta pohon pola sebarannya mengelompok sedangkan tingkatan tiang memiliki pola sebaran yang acak. Faktor lingkungan yang berbeda mempengaruhi keberadaan spesies di kedua lokasi penelitian. Faktor ketinggian dan kelembapan udara berpengaruh terhadap 2 spesies di Desa Perpat, 3 spesies hanya dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan udara, 4 spesies dipengaruhi oleh pH tanah, 4 spesies dipengaruhi oleh suhu, 4 spesies dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan tanah, dan 4 spesies dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya. Sementara itu, di Desa Kembiri 1 spesies dipengaruhi oleh suhu, 3 spesies dipengaruhi oleh intensitas cahaya, 7 spesies dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan udara, 2 spesies dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian. Luasan area potensial bagi keberadaan tumbuhan sebagai sumber pakan budidaya lebah Apis dorsata yaitu dengan habitat tinggi spesies Calophyllum pulcherrimum 7%, Dillenia suffruticosa 2%, Eugenia leptantha 3%, Melaleuca cajuputi 10%, Tristaniopsis obovata 6%.