Transmisi Zoonosis Schistosomiasis Japonica pada Mamalia Domestik di Daerah Endemik Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah
Date
2021Author
Budiono, Novericko Ginger
Satrija, Fadjar
Ridwan, Yusuf
Handharyani, Ekowati
Murtini, Sri
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Schistosomiasis japonica is still a public health problem in Indonesia. Schistosomiasis control in Indonesia exclusively concentrated on humans; therefore, it has not been successful. Studies in other endemic countries identified animals, especially cattle and buffalo, as the main contributors to schistosomiasis transmission in humans. Data on the role of domestic mammals in the transmission of schistosomiasis in Indonesia is urgently needed to support the target of Indonesia free of schistosomiasis 2025 as targeted in the Road Map for Eradication of Snail Fever (Schistosomiasis) 2018-2025. Until now, the role of domestic mammals in the transmission of schistosomiasis in Indonesia is not available. These data are needed for the preparation of a schistosomiasis control program in Indonesia.
This study aims to analyze the essential role of mammals in the transmission of schistosomiasis in endemic areas (Lindu and West Lore Sub-districts) by (1) measuring the prevalence of schistosomiasis in mammals using coprology and serology approaches and the degree of infection, (2) calculating the contamination index and the relative contribution of mammalian species who live in endemic areas in the transmission of schistosomiasis, and (3) analyzing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of animal owners regarding schistosomiasis and disease transmission.
This study uses a cross-sectional survey design conducted in two sub-districts (Lindu and West Lore Sub-districts). The methods used to diagnose schistosomiasis in animals from fecal samples are the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory (DBL) and the miracidia hatching test. The study also measured infection intensity in animals by the DBL technique. An indirect hemagglutination test detected the appearance of antibodies to the soluble egg antigen S. japonicum in sera. Animal contamination index and relative transmission index were measured using previously published formulas. The researchers obtained secondary data from the Lengkeka Schistosomiasis Laboratory with permission from the Poso District Health Office. The data consisted of Kato-Katz examination of resident feces samples to determine the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis infection in humans in the West Lore Sub-district.
This study also determined the involvement of people in the transmission of schistosomiasis in the form of research of knowledge, attitudes, and actions of animal owners in the West Lore Sub-district. A questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding schistosomiasis was given and filled out by 43 animal owners. The questionnaire used in this study recorded socio-demographic data of respondents. The data obtained were saved in Excel version 2013 format and were analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0. The results of this study were animal feces obtained from Lindu Sub-district amounted to 134 animals (13 cows, 26 buffaloes, 28 horses, 59 pigs, and eight dogs). In comparison, feces samples obtained from West Lore Sub-district were 209 animals (44 cows, seven buffaloes, two horses, 86 pigs, and 70 dogs). The prevalence of schistosomiasis in animals based on the DBL method in Lindu and West Lore sub-districts was 35.8% (48/134) and 45.46% (95/209), respectively. The prevalence in cattle, buffalo, horses, pigs, and dogs based on the DBL method in Lindu Sub-district was 61.5%, respectively; 42.3%; 25.0%; 35.6%; and 12.5%, while the prevalence of schistosomiasis in West Lore was 54.55%, respectively; 28.57%; 100.0%; 51.16%; and 32.86%. Pigs reared with a released system in Lindu were 8.667 times more at risk of S. japonicum infection than pigs kept in pens. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans in the West Lore Sub-district is 0.59% (11/1852). In Lindu, buffalo, cattle, and horses were the primary sources of contamination of S. japonicum eggs, with relative transmission indices of 59.15%, 22.80%, and 10.61%, respectively. In West Lore, the main contributor to the contamination of S. japonicum eggs to the environment was the cattle species (69.74%), followed by pigs (21.95%) and buffalo (4.71%).
In this study, the seroprevalence of schistosomiasis in animals was determined using an indirect hemagglutination assay. Researchers did serological examinations (using indirect hemagglutination assays) to determine the seroprevalence of schistosomiasis in animals from serum samples. A total of 146 serums (13 cows, 24 buffaloes, 54 pigs, and 55 dogs) and 225 sera (98 dogs, 79 pigs, four buffaloes, and 44 cows) were collected from Lindu and West Lore Sub-districts, respectively. Seroprevalence in West Lore was higher (84.4%) than in Lindu (64.4%). Seroprevalence in cattle, buffalo, pigs, and dogs in Lindu was 100.0%, respectively; 41.7%; 74.1%; and 56.4%, while in West Lore it was 97.7%; 75.0%; 81.0%; and 81.63%. Based on the examination of 104 feces from 146 animal feces samples from Lindu with the miracidia hatching test, the prevalence of schistosomiasis was 16.35%. The sensitivity of the indirect hemagglutination assay at both study sites was high (88.24% in Lindu and 96.47% in West Lore), with low specificity (29.81% in West Lore and 41.37% in Lindu).
The study of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of animal owners in West Lore Sub-district showed that as many as 76.74% of respondents had poor knowledge of animals as a source of schistosomiasis infection. Most of the respondents (93.02%) had a positive attitude, and more than two-thirds of the respondents (67.44%) had good practices in preventing schistosomiasis. Poor animal husbandry practices in animal husbandry management can contribute to the transmission of animal-sourced schistosomiasis. Animal owners' lack of knowledge and poor schistosomiasis control practices can contribute to environmental S. japonicum contamination.
The study showed that schistosomiasis transmission in Lindu was primarily played by buffalo, followed by horses and cattle. Bovine species played the most significant role in the transmission of schistosomiasis in West Lore. This study also showed a high seroprevalence of schistosomiasis in both study sites (Lindu and West Lore). The control of schistosomiasis in animals as part of efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis in Indonesia still needs to be continued. The implementation of animal control can include mass anti-Schistosoma anthelmintics (praziquantel) program and grazing livestock in snail-free areas. Other controls are the use of tractors instead of plowing animals and raising livestock in cages. These attempts aimed to develop a more effective and efficient schistosomiasis control program with a One Health approach in endemic areas to achieve elimination in Indonesia by 2025.
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