Strategi Pengelolaan Terpadu Rehabilitasi Pantai berbasis Sosial-ekonomi dan Kelembagaan di Wilayah Pesisir Kabupaten Karawang
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Date
2021-02-04Author
Nopiana, Medi
Yulianda, Fredinan
Sulistiono, Sulistiono
Fahrudin, Achmad
Yulianto, Gatot
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Wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang merupakan salah satu kawasan pesisir utara Jawa Barat yang terdampak erosi pantai yang mengkhawatirkan. Dampak erosi pantai telah menghancurkan pemukiman lahan pertambakan dan sawah serta infrastuktur. Upaya rehabilitasi pantai menjadi alternatif pengendalian erosi pantai, selain adaptasi sosial dan upaya lainnya. Permasalahan utama dalam pengendalian erosi pantai di wilayah ini adalah belum optimalnya upaya rehabilitasi pantai yang
dilakukan selama ini. Hal tersebut diindikasikan dengan masih berlangsungnya erosi pantai sampai saat ini dan menjadi permasalahan yang berkepanjangan. Oleh sebab itu, penerapan rehabilitasi pantai memerlukan pengelolaan yang baik guna menanggulangi dampak dari terjadinya erosi pantai sekaligus memulihkan keberlanjutan ekosistem yang ada di wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendesain strategi pengelolaan terpadu rehabilitasi pantai berbasis sosial-ekonomi dan kelembagaan, yang dicapai dengan melakukan beberapa tahapan penelitian, yaitu 1) menganalisis kondisi pantai dan kawasan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang, 2) mendeskripsikan aktivitas pemanfaatan wilayah pesisir, serta menganalisis nilai kerugian ekonomi dampak erosi pantai dan manfaat ekonomi ekosistem mangrove dari hasil penerapan upaya rehabilitasi pantai, 3) menganalisis persepsi, partisipasi, kebutuhan masyarakat, kapasitas Pemerintah Kabupaten Karawang, serta mengevaluasi penerapan rehabilitasi pantai. Lokasi penelitian berada di wilayah-wilayah pesisir di Kabupaten Karawang Provinsi Jawa Barat yang terdampak erosi pantai paling parah. Beberapa wilayah dimaksud meliputi tiga lokasi, yakni Pantai Cibuaya, Cilebar dan Cilamaya Kulon, yang berada di tiga wilayah kecamatan dan lima desa. Pencapaian tujuan penelitian dilaksanakan melalui kegiatan studi literatur, observasi di lapangan, diskusi dan wawancara dengan para pejabat di berbagai Organisasi Perangkat Daerah (OPD) Pemerintah Kabupaten Karawang terkait, para pejabat pemerintah desa, tokoh masyarakat, kelompok petani mangrove, Pokmaswas dan masyarakat di sekitar garis pantai. Pengambilan data survei kepada masyarakat di sekitar garis pantai sebanyak 96 responden yang dilakukan pada Desember 2019 sampai Februari 2020. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif (kuantitatif dan kualitatif),
Causal Loop Diagram, Drivers-pressures-state-impacts-responses (DPSIR), valuasi ekonomi, Context-input-process-product (CIPP) dan Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP). Beberapa wilayah yang mengalami erosi pantai paling besar adalah Kecamatan Cibuaya dan Cilebar. Luas kawasan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang hanya 421.95 ha atau 2.21% dari total luas areal potensial mangrove (19 139.53 ha). Sebaliknya, luas areal potensial mangrove yang tidak bervegetasi mangrove adalah 18 717.58 ha atau 97.79% dari total luas areal potensial mangrove di wilayah pesisir tersebut. Jenis-jenis mangrove yang dapat ditanam berdasarkan faktor fisik lingkungan di wilayah pesisir ini, khususnya untuk kegiatan rehabilitasi pantai adalah A. marina, Sonneratia alba, R. mucronata, R. apiculata dan jenis-jenis mangrove asosiasi. Beberapa aktivitas pemanfaatan wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang yang diduga mendorong terjadinya erosi pantai, antara lain pertambangan batu karang dan pasir laut, konversi lahan mangrove untuk usaha pertambakan dan pembangunan kawasan wisata, serta keberadaan jetty sebagai sumber inlet air laut bagi usaha pertambakan. Sementara itu, total kerugian ekonomi akibat terjadinya erosi pantai di beberapa wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang yang terdampak paling parah mencapai Rp212 128 961 346, atau nilai kerugian ekonomi sebesar Rp26 937 277 332 setiap tahunnya. Penerapan rehabilitasi pantai berbasis ekosistem mangrove akan memperoleh nilai manfaat ekonomi yang totalnya di ketiga wilayah terdampak erosi pantai paling parah sebesar Rp3 517 694 735 729 setiap tahun. Persepsi masyarakat terhadap penerapan rehabilitasi pantai di ketiga lokasi penelitian secara umum termasuk buruk dan sedang. Sementara itu, partisipasi masyarakat dalam penerapan rehabilitasi pantai berada pada kategori rendah dan rendah sekali. Kebutuhan masyarakat akan penanganan aspek sosial ekonomi secara umum bertumpu pada kebutuhan dalam penyelesaian konflik sosial dan penyediaan infrastruktur yang memadai, khususnya jalan dan pemukiman. Kebutuhan masyarakat dalam penerapan upaya rehabilitasi pantai umumnya memfokuskan pada kebutuhan akan pembangunan perlindungan pantai berbentuk hard structure untuk mendukung kehidupan vegetasi mangrove. Kapasitas Pemerintah Kabupaten Karawang masih rendah dalam dalam menunjang keberhasilan penerapan kebijakan rehabilitasi pantai. Walaupun sudah menunjukkan indikasi keberhasilan di sebagian wilayah, penerapan rehabilitasi pantai di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang masih belum menjamin keberhasilan secara berkesinambungan dalam jangka panjang. Terdapat
beberapa permasalahan yang bersumber dari masyarakat itu sendiri, serta pemerintah di berbagai tingkat (desa, kabupaten dan provinsi). Permasalahan dari sisi masyarakat terutama terkait dengan rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pentingnya kelestarian ekosistem pesisir dan rendahnya taraf hidup masyarakat pesisir. Selain itu, kurangnya kerja sama di antara kelompok petani mangrove
dalam penerapan rehabilitasi pantai. Permasalahan dari sisi pemerintah khususnya terkait dengan lemahnya upaya penegakan hukum terhadap pelanggaran eksploitasi sumber daya alam pesisir, rendahnya kesadaran untuk menyelesaikan status kepemilikan lahan untuk rehabilitasi pantai, serta kurangnya sinkronisasi kebijakan pengelolaan pesisir antara pemerintah provinsi dengan kabupaten.
Strategi pengelolaan terpadu rehabilitasi pantai berkelanjutan yang dibutuhkan untuk mengendalikan dampak dari terjadi erosi pantai di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang, terdiri atas strategi (1) konservasi kawasan sempadan pantai, (2) rekonsiliasi sosial dan penegakan hukum, (3) penguatan kapasitas kelompok, dan (4) edukasi masyarakat. Karakteristik permasalahan yang berbeda dalam
pengelolaan rehabilitasi pantai di masing-masing lokasi penelitian menyebabkan adanya perbedaan dalam menentukan prioritas penerapan strategi. The coastal area of Karawang Regency is one of the northern coastal areas of West Java that is affected by alarming coastal erosion. The impact of coastal erosion has destroyed settlements, aquaculture land, rice fields, and infrastructure. Coastal rehabilitation efforts are an alternative to coastal erosion control, in addition to social adaptation and other efforts. The main problem in controlling coastal erosion
in this area is that the coastal rehabilitation efforts carried out so far have not been optimal. It is indicated by the ongoing coastal erosion to date and has become a persistent problem. Therefore, the implementation of coastal rehabilitation requires good management in order to address the impact of coastal erosion while at the same time, restoring the sustainability of the existing ecosystem in the area. The research aimed to design the strategy for integrated management of coastal rehabilitation based on socio-economic and institutional, which was achieved by carrying out several stages of research, namely 1) analyzing the conditions of the coast and mangrove areas in the coastal areas of Karawang Regency, 2) describing the activities of utilizing coastal areas, and analyzing the value of economic losses due to coastal erosion and the economic benefits of the mangrove ecosystem from
the implementation of coastal rehabilitation efforts, 3) analyzing perceptions, participation, community needs, the capacity of the Karawang Regency Government, and evaluating the implementation of coastal rehabilitation. The research location was in the coastal areas in Karawang Regency, West
Java Province, which was the worst affected by coastal erosion. Some of the areas referred to include three locations, namely Cibuaya, Cilebar, and Cilamaya Kulon Beach, which were located in three sub-districts and five villages. Achievement of research objectives was carried out through literature study activities, field observations, discussions, and interviews with officials in various Regional Government Organizations (OPD) of the Karawang Regency Government, village government officials, community leaders, mangrove farmer groups, Community Supervisory Groups (Pokmaswas) and communities around the coastline. Survey data were collected from 96 respondents from December 2019 to February 2020. The analysis tools used were descriptive analysis (quantitative and qualitative), Causal Loop Diagram, Drivers-pressures-state-impacts-responses (DPSIR), economic valuation, Context-input-process-product (CIPP), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Some areas that meet the most significant coastal erosion were Cibuaya and Cilebar Sub-districts. The total area of mangroves in the coastal area of Karawang Regency was only 421.95 ha or 2.21% of the total area of potential mangrove areas (19 139.53 ha). On the other hand, the potential area of mangroves that were not vegetated was 18 717.58 ha or 97.79% of mangroves' total potential area in the coastal area. The types of mangroves that can be planted based on physical environmental factors in this coastal area, especially coastal rehabilitation activities, were A. marina, Sonneratia alba, R. mucronata, R. apiculata, and associated
mangrove types. Some activities of utilizing the coastal areas of Karawang Regency which were thought to encourage coastal erosion, include mining of coral reefs and sea sand, conversion of mangrove land for aquaculture businesses and development of tourist areas, and the existence of jetty as a source of sea water inlet for aquaculture business. Meanwhile, the total economic loss due to coastal erosion in several coastal areas of Karawang Regency which was the worst affected reached IDR212 128 961 346, or the value of economic losses of IDR26 937 277 332 each year. The implementation of coastal rehabilitation based on mangrove ecosystems would obtain economic benefits in total in the three areas affected by the worst coastal erosion of IDR3 517 694 735 729 each year. Community perception of the implementation of coastal rehabilitation in the three research locations was generally low and moderate. Meanwhile, community participation in the implementation of coastal rehabilitation was in the low and deficient categories. The community's need to handle socio-economic aspects generally rested on resolving social conflicts and providing adequate infrastructure, particularly roads and settlements. Community needs in implementing coastal rehabilitation efforts generally focused on the need for coastal protection development in the form of a hard structure to support the life of mangrove vegetation. The capacity of the Karawang Regency Government was still low in supporting the successful implementation of the coastal rehabilitation policy. Although it had shown indications of success in some areas, the implementation of coastal rehabilitation in the coastal areas of Karawang Regency still does not guarantee sustainable success in the long term. Several problems originate from the community itself and the government at various levels (village, regency, and province). The community side's problems are mainly related to the low level of public awareness of the importance of the sustainability of coastal ecosystems and the low standard of living in coastal communities. Besides, there is a lack of cooperation among mangrove farmer groups in implementing coastal rehabilitation. The government side's problems are mainly related to weak law enforcement efforts against exploitation of coastal natural resources, low awareness of resolving land ownership status for coastal rehabilitation, and lack of synchronization of coastal management policies between provincial and regency governments. The integrated management strategy of sustainable coastal rehabilitation
needed to control the impact of coastal erosion in the coastal area of Karawang Regency consisted of strategies: (1) conservation of coastal border areas, (2) social reconciliation and law enforcement, (3) strengthening group capacity, and (4) community education. The characteristics of different coastal rehabilitation management problems in each study location caused differences in determining priorities for implementing strategies.
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