Model Dinamik Potensi Sumber Daya dan Industri Pengolah Ikan: Kasus di Pantai Utara Jawa

Abstract

Potensi perikanan tangkap Indonesia sangat melimpah sehingga dapat diharapkan menjadi sektor unggulan perekonomian nasional, untuk itu potensi tersebut harus dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan lestari guna meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat dan penerimaan negara yang mengarah pada kesejahteraan rakyat. Sumber daya ikan di pantai Utara Jawa berada pada Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) 712. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan kebijakan dan strategi pengelolaan berkelanjutan sumber daya ikan di pantai Utara Jawa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif yang bersifat studi kasus. Komposisi sumber daya ikan yang terdapat di pantai Utara Jawa adalah ikan pelagis kecil sebesar 39,3 %, ikan pelagis besar sebesar 13,2 %, ikan demersal sebesar 27,6 %, binatang kulit keras (crustaceans) 5,1 %, binatang lunak (mollusca) 11,5 %, ikan karang 2,9 % dan binatang air lainnya 0,3 %. Tingkat pemanfaatan ikan tongkol krai sebesar 1,092 dan kembung 1,108 maka over-exploited (upaya penangkapan harus dikurangi) sedangkan ikan kakap merah sebesar 0,704 , ekor kuning 0,7 , rajungan 0, 717 dan cumi-cumi 0,674 maka fully-exploited (upaya penangkapan dipertahankan dengan monitor ketat) dari pemerintah. Model pengelolaan yang di usulkan terkait pengelolaan SDI dan Industri UPI berdasarkan potensi lestari (MSY) adalah pada skenario #2 total hasil tangkapan sebesar 2.195.962 ton, kebutuhan bahan baku 878.385 ton, produksi UPI 263.515 ton dengan keuntungan 2.635 T serta jumlah UPI berdasarkan skala yaitu 26.352 unit (mikro), 5.270 unit (kecil), 527 unit (menengah) dan 53 unit (besar). Komoditas ikan unggulan yang ditemui di pantai Utara Jawa adalah ikan layang (Decapterus sp), tembang (Sardinella fimbriata), peperek (Leiognathus spp), Kuniran (Upeneus moluccensis), swanggi (Priacanthus tayenus) dan cumi-cumi (Loligo spp). Jenis ikan layang dan tembang pada unit pengolahan ikan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku ikan pindang. Jenis ikan peperek pada unit pengolahan ikan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku surimi. Jenis ikan kuniran, swanggi dan cumi-cumi pada unit pengolahan ikan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku ikan asin. Berdasarkan analisis bioekonomi dengan kondisi pengelolaan maximum sustainable yield (MSY), komposisi optimal alat tangkap yang perlu dikembangkan di pantai utara Jawa adalah sebagai berikut: pukat cincin perlu pengurangan sabanyak 4.933 unit sehingga menjadi 129 unit, rawai dasar perlu dikurangi sebanyak 1.174 unit sehingga menjadi 30 unit, bouke ami perlu penambahan 477 unit sehingga menjadi 1.051 unit, jaring tiga lapis perlu pengurangan 10.257 sehingga menjadi 74 unit, pancing cumi perlu pengurangan 641 unit sehingga menjadi 246 unit. Jenis-jenis alat penangkapan ikan yang perlu ditambah dan dikurangi menurut analisis LGP untuk aplikasinya di lapangan tidak serta merta harus ditambah dan dikurangi tetapi ada penyuluhan dari dinas terkait (Dinas Perikanan) tentang pentingnya optimalisasi alat penangkap ikan yang ada, misalnya dengan relokasi pengoperasian alat penangkap ikan tersebut. Untuk jenis alat penangkapan ikan lainnya seperti dogol, payang, bagan perahu, jaring insang hanyut, pukat pantai, bubu dan alat penangkap kerang berdasarkan analisis LGP dikatakan sebagai non basis.

Kata kunci: Penangkapan, alat penangkap ikan, unggulan, optimalisasi, pengelolaan, bahan baku

The potential for capture fisheries in Indonesia is so abundant that it can be expected to become a leading sector of the national economy, therefore this potential must be utilized optimally and sustainably in order to increase public income and state revenues that lead to people's welfare. Fish resources on the Northern coast of Java are in the Fishery Management Area (FMA) 712. This study aims to formulate policies and strategies for sustainable management of fish resources on the North coast of Java. This research was conducted using a descriptive method which is a case study. The composition of fish resources found on the North coast of Java is small pelagic fish by 39.3%, large pelagic fish by 13.2%, demersal fish by 27.6%, hard skin animals (crustaceans) 5.1%, soft animals. (mollusca) 11.5%, reef fish 2.9% and other aquatic animals 0.3%. The utilization rate of krai mackerel is 1.092 and 1.108 mackerel so it is over-exploited (fishing effort must be reduced) while red snapper is 0.704, yellow tail is 0.7, crab is 0, 717 and squid is 0.674 then it is fully exploited. with strict monitors) from the government. The proposed management model related to the management of SDI and the UPI Industry based on sustainable potential (MSY) is in scenario # 2 the total catch is 2,195,962 tons, raw material needs 878,385 tons, UPI production is 263,515 tons with a profit of 2,635 T and the number of UPIs based on scale namely 26,352 units (micro), 5,270 units (small), 527 units (medium) and 53 units (large). Prime fish commodities found on the Northern coast of Java are shortfin scad (Decapterus sp), sardine (Sardinella fimbriata), whipfin ponyfish (Leiognathus spp), sulphur goathfish (Upeneus moluccensis), spotted bigeye (Priacanthus tayenus) and squid (Loligo spp). The types of shortfin scad and sSardine in the fish processing unit are used as raw material for pindang fish. The type of whipfin ponyfish in the fish processing unit is used as the raw material for surimi. The types of sulphur goathfish, spotted bigeye and squid fish in the fish processing unit are used as raw materials for salted fish. Based on bioeconomic analysis with maximum sustainable yield (MSY) management conditions, the optimal composition of fishing gear that needs to be developed on the north coast of Java is as follows: purse seines need to be reduced by 4,933 units to become 129 units, basic lines need to be reduced by 1,174 units to become 30 units, bouke ami needs to add 477 units to become 1,051 units, the three-layer net needs to be reduced by 10,257 to become 74 units, squid jigging needs to be reduced by 641 units to become 246 units. The types of fishing gears that need to be added and reduced according to the LGP analysis for their application in the field do not necessarily have to be added and reduced, but there is counseling from the relevant agencies (Fisheries Service) about the importance of optimizing existing fishing gear, for example by relocating the operation of fishing gears these fish. For other types of fishing gear such as danish seines, pair seines, boat operated lift nets, drift gill nets, beach seines, traps and shell fish gears based on the LGP analysis it is said to be non-basis.

Keywords: Catching, fishing gear, prime, optimization, management, raw materials